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1MB Respiratory > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulation of parasympathetic division causes bronchial smooth muscle _____, mediated by __ acting on __ receptors

A

Contraction, ACh, M3

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2
Q

Mucus secretion is increased when parasympathetic division is active. True/False?

A

True

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3
Q

There is no sympathetic innervation of bronchial smooth muscle. True/False?

A

True

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4
Q

Stimulation of sympathetic division causes bronchial smooth muscle _____, mediated by __ released from the ___ ___ acting on __ receptors

A

Relaxation, adrenaline, adrenal gland, B2

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5
Q

Mucus secretion is increased when sympathetic division is active. True/False?

A

False
Mucus secretion decreases; mucociliary elevator activity increases

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6
Q

Asthma is irreversible obstruction of small airways. True/False?

A

False
It is reversible

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7
Q

FEV1 and PEFR increase in asthma sufferers. True/False?

A

False
They both decrease

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8
Q

What causes hypersensitivity of airways in asthma?

A

Epithelial damage, exposing sensory nerve endings

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9
Q

What are the 2 components of an asthma attack?

A

Initial bronchospasm followed by late inflammation

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10
Q

In non-atopic individuals, THo cells mature into TH_ cells

A

TH1

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11
Q

In atopic individuals, THo cells mature into TH_ cells

A

TH2

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12
Q

TH2 suppresses the production of which TH cell?

A

TH1

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13
Q

Which interleukin helps/allows TH2 cells to activate B cells?

A

IL-4

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14
Q

Activated B cells can mature into plasma cells which secrete __ in the allergic response

A

IgE

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15
Q

IgE binds to eosinophils and mast cells via which receptor?

A

FcE

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16
Q

When mast cells are activated, which substances do they release?

A

Histamine
Chemokines
Leukotrienes

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17
Q

Relievers act as anti-inflammatory agents. True/False?

A

False
They are bronchodilators used for acute attacks

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18
Q

Name the 3 main types of relievers used in asthma

A

SABAs, LABAs, CysLT antagonists

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19
Q

Name controllers/preventers used in asthma

A

Glucocorticoids, chromoglicate

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20
Q

Give an example of a SABA

A

Salbutamol

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21
Q

SABAs are usally administered via the _____ route. Why?

A

Inhalational
Reduces systemic effects

22
Q

Give an example of a LABA

A

Salmeterol

23
Q

LABAs are recommended for acute relief of bronchospasm. True/False

A

False
They are slow to act

24
Q

LABAs can be used as a monotherapy. True/False?

A

False
They would desensitise receptors

25
Q

CysLT1 receptor activation causes bronchodilation. True/False?

A

False
Causes bronchoconstriction and inflammation

26
Q

Give an example of a CysLT antagonist?

A

Montelukast
Zafirlukast

27
Q

CysLT antagonists are less potent than salbutamol in acute asthma. True/False?

A

True

28
Q

How are CysLT antagonists administered (which route)?

A

Oral

29
Q

Give an example of a Xanthine?

A

Theophylline
Aminophylline

30
Q

Xanthines have little adverse effects. True/False?

A

False
Nausea, vomiting, headache are some of the side effects

31
Q

What are the 2 main classes of corticosteroid released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

32
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on inflammatory responses?

A

Decreases them

33
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on gluconeogenesis?

A

Increases it

34
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids?

A

Regulate salt and water retention by the kidney

35
Q

Glucocorticoids have good bronchodilator action. True/False?

A

False

36
Q

How do glucocorticoids enter cells?

A

Diffusion - they are lipophilic

37
Q

Glucocorticoids combine with GRa which causes dissociation of which class of proteins?

A

HSP (heat shock proteins)

38
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate production of proteins which suppress inflammation. True/False?

A

True
Also decrease production of proteins which stimulate inflammation

39
Q

Give an example of a glucocorticoid used in asthma and its adverse effects

A

Inhaled beclomethasone
Hoarse voice + oral thrush
Also oral prednisolone in combination for severe asthma

40
Q

COPD can be divided into which 2 disease states?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

41
Q

Describe chronic bronchitis and its symptoms

A

Inflammation of bronchi + bronchioles
Causes cough + purulent sputum

42
Q

Describe emphysema and its symptoms

A

Collapse of alveoli, decreasing SA available for gas exchange
Breathlessness

43
Q

Give an example of a SAMA

A

Ipratropium

44
Q

Give an example of a LAMA

A

Tiotropium

45
Q

Ipratropium is a selective blocker of M3 receptors. True/False?

A

False
Tiotropium is a selective blocker of M3; ipratropium is non-selective

46
Q

What is Indacaterol?

A

An “ultra-LABA” which has rapid onset of action (vs salmeterol)

47
Q

A combination of LABA + LAMA is not recommended. True/False?

A

False
This combination is superior to using each drug alone in increasing FEV1

48
Q

What is rhinitis and its symptoms?

A

Inflammation of nasal mucosa
Typically rhinorrhoea, sneezing, itching, nasal congestion

49
Q

What is non-allergic rhinitis and its causes?

A

Rhinitis not involving IgE
Infection, drug-induced, hormonal, idiopathic

50
Q

List drug classes that can be used for rhinitis

A

Glucocorticoids
H1 and cysLT1 receptor antagonists
Sodium chromoglicate

51
Q

Mechanism of action of H1 receptor antagonists
Examples

A

Reduce effects of histamine released from mast cells
Given orally or nasal spray
Loratidine, fexofenadine, cetirizine

52
Q

Mechanism of action of sodium chromoglicate

A

Mast cell stabilisation
Nasal spray, usually better for children

1MB Respiratory (13 decks)

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