PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
name the 3 different drug names
- chemical name
- generic name
- trade (brand name)
define chemical name
describes the chemical composition of the drug
define generic name
the official name listed in publications and used for prescribing e.g. paracetamol
define trade(brand) name
marketed name e.g. panadol
define the term pharmacodynamics
the effect of the drug on the body
define the term agonist
binds to and activated receptors
define the term antagonist (or blockers)
binds to and deactivates receptors
define the term pharmacokinetics
is what the body does to the drug, how the body affects the drug after administration
name the 4 pharmacokinetic processes in correct sequence
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion
describe absorption and factors that influence it
refers to the passage of medication from the sire of administration into the blood
route of deliver, ability of the medication to dissolve, blood flow to the area of absorption, body surface area and lipid solubility oft the medication
describe distribution and factors that influence it
refers to the movement of the drug from the blood to the body tissue
the drug is first distributed to areas of high blood supply, capillary permeability, cardiac function, tissue binding and plasma binding
describe metabolism and factors that influence it
is the process of chemical modification of the drug, is mostly carried out by enzyme in the liver and results in a more watery soluble compound which can be excreted by the kidneys
describe excretion and factors what influence it
is the removal of the drug from the body, the kidneys excrete the majority of the drugs, therefore assessment of renal function is important
state 5 ways that drugs can be excreted
bile faeces expelled by air sweat breast milk
explain the hepatic first pass effect
orally administered drugs travel first through the portal system and liver before entering the systemic circulation. A variable amount of drug may be extracted before entering the systemic circulation
explain drug bioavailability
the proportion of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation intact, drugs delivered intravenously have 100% drug bioavailability
define selective toxicity
is the ability to kill the microbe but not harm the patient. is achieved by targeting a structure of the pathogen which is different to humans
define the term bactericidal
directly kills the bacteria
define the term bacteriostatic
inhibits growth of the bacteria that then enables the body defence mechanism to remove the bacteria
describe broad spectrum
kills a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but also destroys normal flora
describe narrow- spectrum
effective against select group of pathogens e.g. penicillin which is effective against gram-positive bacteria
list the 4 ways the antimicrobials work
- interfere with cell wall synthesis
- interference with DNA replication
- inhibits protein synthesis
- interrupts metabolic reactions inside the cell
explain the term antibiotic resistance
is the acquired ability of a microbe to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it is normally susceptible e.g. EMRSA a strain of MRSA
describe 4 ways to reduce antibiotic resistance
- avoid excessive prescribing of antimicrobial
- finishing the full course of antibiotics to discourage the survival and proliferation of resistant strains
- never use leftover antibiotics or ones that were not prescribed to you
- prescribing the most specific antibiotic available and avoid broad spectrum antibiotics
