PHARMACOLOGY

Question 1

name the 3 different drug names

Answer 1

1. chemical name
2. generic name
3. trade (brand name)

Question 2

define chemical name

Answer 2

describes the chemical composition of the drug

Question 3

define generic name

Answer 3

the official name listed in publications and used for prescribing e.g. paracetamol

Question 4

define trade(brand) name

Answer 4

marketed name e.g. panadol

Question 5

define the term pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

the effect of the drug on the body

Question 6

define the term agonist

Answer 6

binds to and activated receptors

Question 7

define the term antagonist (or blockers)

Answer 7

binds to and deactivates receptors

Question 8

define the term pharmacokinetics

Answer 8

is what the body does to the drug, how the body affects the drug after administration

Question 9

name the 4 pharmacokinetic processes in correct sequence

Answer 9

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion

Question 10

describe absorption and factors that influence it

Answer 10

refers to the passage of medication from the sire of administration into the blood
route of deliver, ability of the medication to dissolve, blood flow to the area of absorption, body surface area and lipid solubility oft the medication

Question 11

describe distribution and factors that influence it

Answer 11

refers to the movement of the drug from the blood to the body tissue
the drug is first distributed to areas of high blood supply, capillary permeability, cardiac function, tissue binding and plasma binding

Question 12

describe metabolism and factors that influence it

Answer 12

is the process of chemical modification of the drug, is mostly carried out by enzyme in the liver and results in a more watery soluble compound which can be excreted by the kidneys

Question 13

describe excretion and factors what influence it

Answer 13

is the removal of the drug from the body, the kidneys excrete the majority of the drugs, therefore assessment of renal function is important

Question 14

state 5 ways that drugs can be excreted

Answer 14

bile 
faeces
expelled by air 
sweat
breast milk

Question 15

explain the hepatic first pass effect

Answer 15

orally administered drugs travel first through the portal system and liver before entering the systemic circulation. A variable amount of drug may be extracted before entering the systemic circulation

Question 16

explain drug bioavailability

Answer 16

the proportion of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation intact, drugs delivered intravenously have 100% drug bioavailability

Question 17

define selective toxicity

Answer 17

is the ability to kill the microbe but not harm the patient. is achieved by targeting a structure of the pathogen which is different to humans

Question 18

define the term bactericidal

Answer 18

directly kills the bacteria

Question 19

define the term bacteriostatic

Answer 19

inhibits growth of the bacteria that then enables the body defence mechanism to remove the bacteria

Question 20

describe broad spectrum

Answer 20

kills a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but also destroys normal flora

Question 21

describe narrow- spectrum

Answer 21

effective against select group of pathogens e.g. penicillin which is effective against gram-positive bacteria

Question 22

list the 4 ways the antimicrobials work

Answer 22

1. interfere with cell wall synthesis
2. interference with DNA replication
3. inhibits protein synthesis
4. interrupts metabolic reactions inside the cell

Question 23

explain the term antibiotic resistance

Answer 23

is the acquired ability of a microbe to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it is normally susceptible e.g. EMRSA a strain of MRSA

Question 24

describe 4 ways to reduce antibiotic resistance

Answer 24

1. avoid excessive prescribing of antimicrobial
2. finishing the full course of antibiotics to discourage the survival and proliferation of resistant strains
3. never use leftover antibiotics or ones that were not prescribed to you
4. prescribing the most specific antibiotic available and avoid broad spectrum antibiotics