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NURSING SCIENCE 2 > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

what would happen if saliva was not produced

A
  • would be very hard/ impossible to swallow
  • starch would not be converted into maltose
  • bad oral hygiene
  • no lysozyme
  • would be hard to taste
  • no food dissolved
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2
Q

define gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

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3
Q

define halitosis

A

bad breath

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4
Q

state the location and function of the epiglottis

A

leaf shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue at the top of the larynx
main function is to seal the trachea during eating so that food isn’t inhaled

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5
Q

define dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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6
Q

name the exit and entry structures of the stomach

A
  • bolus enters the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter
  • chyme exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter
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7
Q

state the major function of the stomach

A
  • secrets acid and enzymes that digest food
  • acts as a temporary storage tank
  • compresses, kneads and mixes food with gastric juices to become chyme
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8
Q

state the function of intestinal juices

A

hydrochloric acid (HCI)- kills microbes H+ ions are actively pumped into the lumen by proton pumps
mucus- protects stomach wall from being damaged by the HCI
gastric enzymes- pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins

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9
Q

state the pH level of the stomach and explain why it should be this level

A

pH-2 needs to be acidic enough to kill bacteria

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10
Q

describe the homeostatic imbalance that can occur with prolonged or severe vomiting

A

excess vomiting can cause dehydration and disrupt the electrolyte and pH balance
As acid is lost the blood becomes more alkaline

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11
Q

what are the 6 digestive processes

A
  1. ingestion
  2. motility
  3. secretion
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. secretion
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12
Q

describe ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth, chewing and swallowing

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13
Q

describe digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones through both chemical and mechanical digestion

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14
Q

describe motility

A

movement by the muscularis component of the digestive tube, including mechanical digestion e.g. peristalsis and segmentation

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15
Q

describe secretion (digestive process)

A

release of digestive juices that facilitates digestion. some digestive organs secrete endocrine hormones to regulate digestion or metabolism of nutrients

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16
Q

describe absorption (digestive process)

A

movement of digestive nutrients through GI mucosa and into the internal environment

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17
Q

describe elimination (digestive process)

A

excretion of residues of the digestive system (feces) from the rectum, through the anus, defecation

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18
Q

name the 4 layers of the digestive tract in the correct sequence from inner-most to outer layer

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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19
Q

describe mucosa layer

A 
innermost layer of the digestive tract facing the lumen of the tube.
function is to secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. absorbs products of digestion and protects against disease
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20
Q

describe the submucosa layer

A

areolar connective tissue layer that binds mucosa to muscularis, contains blood and lymphatic vessels to receive absorbed nutrients and nerves to control the gi tract.
forms the submucosal plexus
function to regulate digestive tract movement/ secretion

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21
Q

state two situations that impact on the functioning of the defecation reflex

A
  1. diarrhoea

2. spinal injury

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22
Q

describe the defecation reflex using components of the reflex arc

A

stimulus: initiated when rectum is distended
control center: in the sacral spinal cord
action of effector: lower colon and rectal wall contracts internal and sphincter relaxes
aided by voluntary contraction of diaphragm and abdominal muscles and relaxation of external anal sphincter

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23
Q

name the main nerve involved in regulating the digestive system

A

vagus nerve

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24
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system that stimulates the digestive system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

25
Q

what is the gastroileal reflex

A

stomach descends and stimulates peristalsis in the small intestine which delivers that content to cecum

26
Q

what is the gastrocolic reflex

A

stimulates mass peristalsis in colon which is initiated when the stomach is descended

27
Q

describe the mechanical movements of the small intestine

A

peristalsis: sequencinal contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle to propel chyme through digestive tract
segmentation: contraction of alternating sections of the small intestine to mix chyme and maximise digestion and absorption

28
Q

name the 4 structural features of the small intestine and state the overall function of these features

A

circular folds: 1cm deep folds force chyme to spiral through the lumen, slow its movement and allowing more time for absorption

villi: finger like projections of the mucosa which contain blood capillaries and lacteals (for fat absorption)
microvilli: tiny projections of plasma membrane of the cells surface of villi for secretion of intestinal enzyme and absorption

29
Q

name the 3 sections of the small intestine in order

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
30
Q

describe the 2 functions of the small intestine

A
  1. absorption

2. secretion of enzymes

31
Q

describe the major nursing consideration relating to the dysfunction (or disease) of the small intestine

A

peptic ulcers
dehydration/ malnutrition due to lack of absorption of nutrients
weight loss
low appetite

32
Q

state function of intestinal juice

A

contains hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus, substances to neutralize HCL from stomach and pepsin
which digests polypeptides into amino acids

33
Q

describe the order of the large intestine

A

chyme enters via the ileocecal sphincter

  1. cecum
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. rectum
  7. anus
34
Q

state the 4 functions of the large intestine

A

1: absorption of water, ions and vitamins
2. movement of contents of colon to rectum
3. production of vitamin k and some b vitamins by bacteria
4. formation of feces and defecation

35
Q

describe the mechanical movements of the large intestine

A
  • peristalsis
  • haustral churning, relaxed pouches are filled and then contracted to move chyme to next haustra
  • mass peristalsis, strong peristalsis strong peristaltic waves beginning in the mid transverse colon to quickly move the contants towards the recum
36
Q

describe the location of the appendix

A

RLQ/ right iliac region

37
Q

health risks associated with tooth and gum disease

A

cavaties
plaque
gums become red, sore swollen and bleed
causes chronic inflammation which increases risk of heart disease and stroke

38
Q

state 2 functions of the tongue

A
  1. chewing food into smaller pieces making them easier to digest
  2. releases saliva which contains enzymes that help break up food
39
Q

state 2 functions of saliva

A

softens moistens and dissolves food

cleans mouth and teeth

40
Q

2 situations that would reduce production of saliva

A
  1. dehydration

2. side effects of medication

41
Q

what are 4 contents of saliva and functions of each

A

water; dissolves food to begin the digestive process and stimulates taste buds
salivary amylase: digests starch to maltose
mucus: lubricates food for movement and swallowing
lysozyme: helps destroy bacteria

42
Q

describe the anatomical position of the liver

A

occupies most of the right hypochondriac and epigastric region
posterior to the ribs
left lobe is in the left hypochondriac region

43
Q

state the 7 functions for the liver

A
  1. bile production
  2. phagocytosis
  3. processing nutrients
  4. storage
  5. formation of blood components
  6. detoxification of alcohol and drugs
  7. heat production
44
Q

state the function of the stellate reticuloendothelial (kupffer’s) cells

A

forms part of the sinusoid walls and are hepatic macrophages which remove debris like bacteria and worn out blood cells from the blood as it flows past

45
Q

name the functional cells of the liver and describe what they do

A
  • hepatocytes are liver cells which are arranged in rows
  • hepatocytes contains large amounts of RER, SER, golgi complexes and mitochondria
  • the hepatocytes produce 500-1000mls bile/day
46
Q

name the cells that produce bile

A

hepatocytes produce bile when there is fatty chyme in the GI tract

47
Q

describe the pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum

A 
right/ left hepatic duct 
common hepatic duct
cystic duct from gallbladder
common bile duct
pancreatic duct from pancreas
48
Q

name the structures that store bile

A

gallbladder

49
Q

describe the main function of bile

A
  • neutralise acid from the stomach
  • emulsification of fat to enable digestion and absorption of lipids
  • removal of waste (bilirubin)
50
Q

what are the contents of bile

A

pH 7.6 to 8.6 alkaline
H2)
bicarbonate ions (HCO3) to help neutralise the acid from the stomach
bile salts which emulsify fats, bile pigments waste production

51
Q

describe the anatomical position of the pancreas

A

located posterior to the stomach in the epigastric region

52
Q

function of the pancreas

A

produce pancreatic juice which flow down the pancreatic duct into the duodenum with bile from the common bile ducts

53
Q

describe the muscularis layer

A

an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
function: mixing and peristalsis of contents of the lumen

54
Q

describe serosa

A

made up of serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers its organs
serosa is the visceral layer of the peritoneum
function: allows movement of organs inside the abdominal cavity without friction

55
Q

name the 3 layers of the peritoneum in the correct sequence deep to superficial

A
  1. visceral covers organs - deepest layer
  2. peritoneal cavity - serous fluid
  3. peritoneal layer- most superficial layer
56
Q

state 4 functions of the tongue

A
  1. taste
  2. manipulation of food for chewing
  3. aids swallowing
  4. articulates speech
57
Q

describe 5 effects of aging on the GI tract

A
  1. decreased gustation and olfaction impact on pressure associated with eating
  2. altered dental function decreased ability to chew and bite
  3. decreased secretion of digestive enzymes limits digestive function
  4. decreased motility/loss of smooth muscle tone
  5. decreased neural and hormonal control
58
Q

describe the blood flow around the liver

A

blood enters the liver from the hepatic artery (oxygenated) hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood into the liver from stomach. spleen and intestine)
these flow through sinusoids and central veins in each liver lobule
hepatic vein leaves liver and takes blood to inferior vena cava

NURSING SCIENCE 2 (4 decks)

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