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NURSING SCIENCE 2 > MUSCULOSKELETAL > Flashcards

MUSCULOSKELETAL Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the structural features of the vertebrae

A

lamina (vertical arch)
vertebral body, has weight bearing functions
vertebral foramen, contains spinal cord
the spinous and transverse processes

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2
Q

in sequence from proximal to distal name the bones of the lower limb

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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3
Q

name the four major facial bones

A

nasal, zygomatic, maxilla and mandible

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4
Q

state the three functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • reduce the weight of the skull
  • help to resonate vocal sounds
  • are lined with mucous membranes that humidify and warm air
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5
Q

name the cranial bones and describe their collective function

A

single :
-frontal
-occipital
paried:
temporal and parietal bones, enclose and protect the fragile brain
the outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilize and move the head

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6
Q

name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each type

A 
long bone: humerus
short bone: carpal bone
irregular bone: vertebrae 
flat bone: sternum
sesamoid bone: patella
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7
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column

A
  • transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
  • surrounds and protects the delicate spinal cord
  • provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck
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8
Q

name the 2 sections of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton: forms the longitudinal axis of the body and consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. it provides support and protection
appendicular skeleton: consists of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. it provides mobility for manipulation and locomotion

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9
Q

state the function of the clavicle

A

transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk
one of the most frequently fractures bones
mid-clavicular region weakest point

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10
Q

what are 3 abnormal curvatures of the spine

A
  1. scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic region
  2. kyphosis (hunchback) - a dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve
  3. lordosis (swayback) -accentuated lumbar curve
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11
Q

state the location and function of the intervertebral discs

A

located between adjacent vertebrae

function: to absorb compressive force, permits movement of the vertebral column

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12
Q

what are the sections of the vertebral column

A
  1. cervical vertebrae (7) cervical curvature
  2. thoracic vertebrae (12) thoracic curvature
  3. lumbar vertebrae (5) lumbar curvature
  4. sacral vertebrae (5) sacral curvature
  5. coccyx (1)
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13
Q

state the 6 functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. provides support
  2. protects internal organs
  3. assists body in movements
  4. stores and releases calcium and phosphorus
  5. houses the red bone marrow which produces red blood cells
  6. stores triglycerides
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14
Q

whats the difference between true and floating ribs

A

true ribs:

floating ribs:

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15
Q

state the function of the pelvis

A

pelvis provides strong/stable weight-bearing support

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16
Q

in sequence from proximal to distal name the bones of the upper limb (arm)

A

humerus, ulnar, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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17
Q

state 3 functions of the thoracic cage

A
  • protects heart, lungs and great blood vessels
  • supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
  • provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders
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18
Q

state the function of the scapula

A

the scapula is a thin, triangular, flat bone that forms the shoulder joint with the humerus

  • provides points of attachment for muscles
  • contains the glenoid cavity
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19
Q

describe the difference between the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen

A
  • vertebral foramen contains spinal cord

- intervertebral foramen provides the entry and exit of the spinal nerves

20
Q

what are the differences between male and female pelvis

A

male: larger, heavier, larger muscles attached, pubic arch <90 degrees, pelvic brim narrow and heart shaped, pelvic narrow and deeper
female: smaller and lighter, public arch >90 degrees, pelvic brim wider and oval. pelvic wader and shallower

21
Q

state the location of the calcaneus bone

A

in the back of the foot, just below the talus, tibia and fibula of the lower leg

22
Q

describe the difference between a tendon and a ligament

A

tendon: is a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone
ligament: is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

23
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A 
is conscious (voluntary)
cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei
visible light and dark banding or actin and myosin (looks striated)
function is to produce skeletal movement, attached to bones
24
Q

name the 3 types of muscles

A
  1. skeletal
  2. smooth
  3. cardiac
25
Q

name the 3 muscles used for IM injections

A
  • gluteus medius
  • lateral quadriceps
  • deltoid muscles
26
Q

state 2 specific functions for the pelvic floor muscles

A
  1. support the pelvic organs

2. acts as sphincters of the urethra and rectum

27
Q

describe the main age related change that occurs to muscle tissue

A
  • a slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass
  • skeletal muscle is replaced by fibrous connective tissue and fat
  • decreased muscle strength (due to less muscle mass)
  • decreased smooth muscle tone
  • decreased reflexed
28
Q

define the term hypertrophy

A

is the increase in the diameter of muscle fibres, resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity

29
Q

define the term atrophy

A
  • wasting away of muscles

- caused by disuse of the muscle or severing off the nerve supply

30
Q

define hypotonia

A

when motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are damaged the muscle becomes flaccid ir limp because muscle tone is lost

31
Q

define hypertonia

A
  • increased muscle tone resulted from damage to the motor neurons that supply the muscle
32
Q

define the term muscle tone

A

skeletal muscle are voluntary but even relaxed muscles are almost always slightly contracted . this is muscle tone

33
Q

describe the difference between skeletal muscle contraction and smooth muscle contraction

A

-smooth muscle, starts more slowly and lasts longer relaxes more slowly than skeletal muscle

34
Q

name the electrolytes required for muscle contraction and explain what would happen if there were an imbalance of these electrolytes

A
  • sodium (Na+)
  • potassium (k+)
  • calcium (Ca2+)
  • magnesium (Mg2+)
  • chlorine (Cl-)
    hypo- irregular heart beat, confusion, blood pressure change, nervous system or bone disorders
    hyper- weakness or twitching of the muscles, numbness, fatigue, irregular heartbeat and blood pressure changes
35
Q

describe how skeletal muscle contraction occurs

A

muscle contraction occurs through the movement of contractile proteins
thin actin filaments
thick myosin filaments
- when the muscle is at rest these filaments like in a parallel arrangement with some overlap
- when the muscle contracts the thin filaments are pulled past the thick filaments using ATP
- Ca2+ is required to enable binding of myosin to actin
the binding of myosin and actin moes the filaments along and shortens the muscle during contraction

36
Q

explain what happens at neuromuscular junctions

A
  • action potentials in the somatic motor neuron require Na+ and K+
    Ca2+ is required to enable the vesicles to move to the membrane and release the neurotransmitter
  • the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle contraction is always Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • ACh binds to specific receptor sites on the muscle
  • this stimulates a muscle contraction muscle action potential
37
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

cardiac muscle is unconscious (involuntary)

  • called at strauted, branched cylinders with one central nucleus
    function: is to pump blood
    location: in the heart
38
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle is unconscious (involuntary)

  • cells are tapered with a single central nucleus
    functions: regulates diameter of blood vessels and airways, propels food in GI tract
    location: walls of the GI tract and blood vessels, and airways
39
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

skeletal muscle is conscious (voluntary)

  • cells are long cylinder with many peripheral nuclei
  • visible light and dark banding of actin and myosin
    function: to produce skeletal movement
    location: attached to bones
40
Q

name 3 types of muscles

A
  1. skeletal
  2. smooth
  3. cardiac
41
Q

describe extensibility

A

the ability of muscles to stretch without being damaged (with limits) and to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

42
Q

describe contractility

A

the ability of the muscle to contract when stimulated

this enables tension to maintain body position or causes the muscle to shorten to produce movement

43
Q

describe electrical excitability

A

the muscle receives and responds to a stimulus which causes muscle action potentials which in turn cause muscle contraction

44
Q

what are 3 functional characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. electrical excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
45
Q

describe 4 functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. produce movement
  2. maintain posture and stabilizes joints and body position
  3. storing and moving substances in the body
  4. skeletal muscle contraction produces heat

NURSING SCIENCE 2 (4 decks)

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