Pharmacology 1

Question 1

What is Pharmacology

Answer 1

Defined as the study of substances that interact with living systems thro chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

Question 2

What is a drug

Answer 2

Defined as a natural product, chemical substance, or pharmaceutical preparation intended for administration to a human or animal to diagnose or treat a disease

Question 3

How does the body handle drugs

Answer 3

ADME

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

Question 4

What are pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

how the body handles the drug

Question 5

Bioavailability

Answer 5

The fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Question 6

Onset of Action

Answer 6

Time after administration at which you see the drug effect

Question 7

duration of action

Answer 7

time during which plasma concentration stays above the MEC for desired effect

Question 8

half-life

Answer 8

time required for plasma concentration of a dug to decrease by 1/2 after absorption and distribution are complete

Question 9

Therapeutic Window

Answer 9

Where you want to effects to occur. it above the MEC for desired response and below the MEC for adverse response

Question 10

Whats the MEC

Answer 10

Min effective concentration

Question 11

What happens during distribution

Answer 11

After reaching the blood stream, drugs get distributed into various tissues in the body in two phases

Question 12

Initial phase of distribution

Answer 12

Distribution to interstitial and intracellular space, and to highly perfused organs such as liver, kidney and brain

Question 13

Second Phase of distribution

Answer 13

Distribution to muscles, most viscera, skin, bone and fat that is slower

Question 14

What does drug metabolism (biotransformation) do

Answer 14

Enhances elimination of drugs by increasing their excretion, terminate the action of drugs and endogenous substance and activates certain prodrugs to their active form

Question 15

Where are the sites of metabolsim

Answer 15

Mainly in the liver, kidneys play an important role in the metabolism of some drugs, a few are done in blood and intestinal wall

Question 16

What are the two forms a drug can be in when excreted

Answer 16

it could be unchanged or it can be converted to metabolites

Question 17

what kind of compounds do excretory organs expel best (lungs exuded)

Answer 17

Polar compounds are excreted much easier than substances with high lipid solubility

Question 18

What must happen to lipid soluble drugs to be eliminated

Answer 18

they must be metabolized to more polar compounds before they can be excreted

Question 19

What kind of drugs are excreted in feces

Answer 19

Unabsorbed oral drugs or drug metabolites excreted either in the bile or into the intestinal tract and are not reabsorbed

Question 20

Why is excretion of the lungs important

Answer 20

Mainly for the elimination of anesthetic gases and volatile compounds such as ethanol

Question 21

whats the most important organ for excreting drugs and their metabolites

Answer 21

the kidneys

Question 22

What is Pharmacodynamics

Answer 22

Study of what drugs do to the body. Drug effects, mec of action, measurement of drug action, modulation of drug action

Question 23

what are some common drug targets

Answer 23

receptors, enzymes, carrier molecules, voltage-gated ion channels

Question 24

What are receptors as drug targets

Answer 24

A structure on the surface of a cell (or inside a cell) that selectively received and binds a specific substance causing a change in cell function

Question 25

what are enzymes as drug tragets

Answer 25

usually macro-molecules proteins that act as a catalyst

Question 26

Carrier molecules a drug targets

Answer 26

transport a chemical across a membrane with in the body to allow it work

Question 27

Ion channels as drug targets

Answer 27

allow passage of ions across bio membrane and allow them to open and or close

Question 28

what is signal transuction

Answer 28

An extracellular signaling molecule (ligand or agonist) activates a receptor on the cell membrane and this receptor in turn activates intracellular ‘second messagers” that cause a response

Question 29

what is the dose in pharmacodynamics

Answer 29

the amount of drug administered

Question 30

what is response in pharmacodynamics

Answer 30

the effect

Question 31

what is the potency of a drug

Answer 31

The amount of drug needed to produce a given effect

the dose causing 50% of the max effect is the EC50

Question 32

what is efficacy

Answer 32

Efficacy (maximal efficacy) is the greatest effect (Emax) an agonist can produce if the dose is taken to very high levels

Question 33

What is an agonist

Answer 33

a molecule that binds to a receptor, producing a physiological or pharmacological reponse

Question 34

What is a partial agonist

Answer 34

A molecule that binds to a receptor, producing a less than full physiological or pharmacological response

Question 35

what is an antagonist (blocker)

Answer 35

A molecule that binds to a receptor and prevents the binding of an agonist and thus prevents or reduces the effect of agonist. an ideal antagonist does not produce any response by itself

Question 36

competitive Antagonist effect on DRC

Answer 36

shift the DR to the right, and does not affect the efficacy of the agonist until all receptors are occupied (parallel shift)

Question 37

Non-competitive antagonist effect on DRC

Answer 37

shifts it to the right, but also reduces the efficacy of the agonist (non-parallel shift)

Question 38

What are the effects of drugs classified under

Answer 38

Desirable (therapeutic) and undesirable

Question 39

What are the classifications of undesirable effects

Answer 39

Non-deleterious (side effects)

deleterious (toxic effects)

Question 40

What is an adverse drug event (ADV)

Answer 40

a reaction to a drug that is harmful or an unintended response (could be an allergy or organ toxicity)

Question 41

What is an ADR

Answer 41

adverse drug effect