pharmacologic term and concept review Flashcards
what is an analog
- chemical compound that has a similar structure & similar chemical properties to those of another compound -> but differs from it by a single element or group.
ex: antibiotic amoxicillin is an analog of penicillin and it differs from the latter by the addition of an amino group.
what is a ligand
ion, molecule or moelcular group hat bind to another chemical entity to form a larger complex
what is recombinant technology
- produced by combining genertic material from more than one origin or source of genetic engineering, lab techniques used to join RNA from diff sources to produce novel RNA
what is a circadian rhythm
- daily cycle of biological activity based on a 24-hour period
- influenced by regular variations in the environment.
- example= alternation of night and day with sleeping and waking patterns and is referred to as a ‘biological clock’.
agaonist vs antagonist
agonist = any substance that bring a change in biologic function through its chemical action by ACTIVATING a molecule (receptor) that palys ar egulatory role
antagonist = any substance that brings a change in biologic function through its chemical action by inhibiting a molecule (receptor) that plays a reg role
what is drug permeation
- penetration and spread of drugs through a cellular substance
what is down regualtion
process by which a cell decreases the number of a cellular component such as RNA or protein in response to external variables
- ex = when a cell decreases the number of recetors to a given hormone or neutrotransmitter to reduce its sensitivity to that molecule
what are JAK/STAT family
Janus Kinase and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription proteins are a family of transcription factors that bind as homo or hetero dimers to recognition sites in gene promoters
- this family mediates signalling from a variety of membrane receptors such as interferon, interlukin, hematopoietic and growth factors
what are G proteins and second mesengers
- guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that transmit chemical signals for hormones or neurotransmitters outside the cell
- cause changes in activity of an enzyme or ion channel and the concentration of an itnracellular second messanger like cAMP
what is half life
time it takes for a substance (drug or radioactive nuclide) to lose 1/2 of its pharmacologic, physiologic or radiological activity or the time it takes for the blood plasma conc to half its steady state
what ist eh first pass effect
- refers to metabolism of orally administered drugs by gastrointestinal and hepatic enzymes resulting in significant red of the amount of unmetabolized drug reaching systemic circulation
ex: morphine
what are hormones
chemical messengers involved in reg and coordination of bodily functions through cell-cell communicatino
- can act locally to affect themselves (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine)
ex of autocrin factors are GF and cytokines,
ex of paracrine factors are NO, ctokines, endothelines, insulin and IGFs
what can hormones secreted by neurons act as?
neurotransmitters or neurohormones
- neurotransmitters: travel short distances to synapses (ex = acetylcholine)
- neurohormones: secreted into blood stream (oxytocin and epinephrine)
what are endocrine hormones
hromones secreted by cells to enter the blood stream where they can bind to receptors and affect distant target cells
how are endocrine hormones synthesized
- include amines, proteins, peptides and steroids
- catecholamines and thyroid hormone tyrosine derivative are ex of amines and they are stored for release
- insulin and GF are peptide hormones, short hcains of protein also stored for release
- steroids like sex steroids and corticosteroids are lipophilic and not stored by released immediately and typically have delated biologic effects
