Pharmacokinetics - LADMER Flashcards

1
Q

definition of pharmacokinetics

A

describes the relationship between dose and unbound drug concentration at the site of action and the time course of drug concentration in the body

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2
Q

L.A.D.M.E.R

A

Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
Response

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3
Q

types of liberation (Administration options)

A

Topical
injection
oral
inhalation
rectal
vaginal

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4
Q

how to choose your administration route

A

drug design - chemical and physical properties
need for local or systemic effects
patient compliance
bioavailability
duration of action
cost
side-effects

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5
Q

Topical

A

includes creams , ointments , eye ear and nasal drops , patches

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6
Q

advantages of topical

A

local site of action
limited side effects usually to site of application
known duration of action
better physical tolerance compared with injections/oral - may improve compliance
patches may have prolonged effects - buprenorphine have a 7 day period

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7
Q

disadvantages of topical

A

limited choice of drugs - related to molecular size and lipid solubility
duration of action can be limited
can prove troublesome to use e.g if large areas are to be covered , drops require manual dexterity to use correctly - this may reduce compliance
shelf life may be limited so it can be relatively expensive

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8
Q

Injections

A

intravenously - Parenteral - IV
intramuscularly - IM
intrathecally - spinal
intra-particularly - joint
sub-cutaneously - below the skin
intra-dermally - skin

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9
Q

injections - advantages

A

rapid acting effects usually appear within minutes if not seconds
bioavailability - 100 percent usually
useful if systemic effects required urgently - except intra-articular
duration of action usually well known - but may be very short
useful alternative for patients who are very ill or unconscious

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10
Q

disadvantages of injections

A

expensive compared to oral and topical
invasive - risk of infection
unpleasant for patients so may reduce compliance
normally short duration of action so may require multiple dosages through the day - expensive
side effects may be more pronounced

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11
Q

oral

A

tablets , capsules and liquids

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12
Q

advantages of oral

A

convenient
usually cheap compared to injections and topical forms
easy to take
better compliance

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13
Q

disadvantages of oral

A

bioavailability - variable dependent on range of factors
duration of action may be unknown or variable between patients
slow onset of action

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14
Q

rectal and vaginal

A

suppositories , pessaries , creams , ointments and sprays

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15
Q

advantages of rectal and vaginal

A

useful for local effects
relatively cheap
can by-pass first pass metabolism

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16
Q

disadvantages of rectal/vagina

A

limited choice of drugs
patient compliance

17
Q

inhalation

A

inhalers , nasal sprays

18
Q

advantages of inhalation

A

local site of action
rapid acting - salbutamol
limits side effects - inhaled steroids can cause adrenal suppression
convenient

19
Q

disadvantages of inhalation

A

expensive
difficult to use - poor patient compliance
formulation can be difficult
duration of action can be limited
not suitable if urgent systemic effect required