Pharmacokinetics for Parenteral Medications Flashcards
What is Absorption?
This is the movement of medications through barriers in the body (mainly membranes).
Example: The movement of drug molecules from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
What is Distribution?
Once in the bloodstream, medications travel and reach their target sites of action.
Example: The movement of a drug molecule from blood to the receptors of the heart
What is Metabolism?
Drugs are broken down into inactive or active molecules by different organs. This allows the body to excrete the medication.
Example: The anticoagulant warfarin being broken down by cytochrome P450 3A4
What is Excretion?
Drugs need to be eliminated from the body, and this occurs through various mechanisms. Example: Medications filtered by the kidney and eliminated through the urine
All 4 steps are commonly abbreviated as ____
ADME
If a drug is given intravenously, it bypasses the ____ and goes directly to the bloodstream, where it’s distributed throughout the body.
GI system
What is a dose?
the amount of the drug received by the patient
Other terms that may be used for side effects are adverse ____ (ADR), adverse ____ (ADE), or adverse ____
adverse drug reactions (ADR), adverse drug effects (ADE), or adverse effects
Examples like ____ disease (potentially altered metabolism), ____ disease (potentially altered excretion), or ____ disease (potentially altered distribution) could translate to the patient requiring a decreased dose
liver disease (potentially altered metabolism), kidney disease (potentially altered excretion), or cardiovascular disease (potentially altered distribution)
What things should be considered for medical dosing?
Age, Weight, Sensitivity to medication, Drug interactions, Route of administration
What does potentiate mean?
Increase
What does negate mean?
Inhibit
____ (NDC) are used to identify products
National Drug Codes
The label of every drug package must include the following information:
- Brand (if present) and generic name
- Total volume and concentration (if liquid formulation)
- Dilution instructions (for powder forms)
- One of the following for a prescription medication:
“Federal Law Prohibits Dispensing Without a Prescription” or “RX ONLY” - Name and address of the manufacturer
- Precautions associated with the drug
- Possible side effects and adverse effects
- Storage requirements, including refrigeration information (if applicable)
Several common IV fluids are administered either alone (____) or as an ____, which includes medication
(hydration) or as an admixture
Common IV fluids include the following:
- Sodium chloride injection
- Dextrose injection
- Lactated Ringer’s solution for injection
Agents come in varying strengths; for example, dextrose comes in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50%, among other levels. This affects ____.
compounding
IV fluids vary in their ____ and ____
pH and tonicity
The tonicity of a fluid determines the fluid’s direction when passing between ____ (outside-the-cell) and ____ (inside-the-cell) compartments
extracellular (outside-the-cell) and intracellular (inside-the-cell)
The pH of a solution is important because the body’s fluid is slightly ____ (about 7.4)
alkaline
Fluids entering the bloodstream that are too ____ or too ____ can cause discomfort, pain, and damage to red blood cells.
too acidic or too alkaline
You may see a physical change, such as in color or clarity, or the formation of particles called ____ or ____ when elements aren’t compatible
particulate matter or precipitation
When completing the compounding of an IV admixture, carefully inspect that the completed product doesn’t have any visual changes in ____, ____, or the presence of ____
visual changes in color, clarity, or the presence of particulates
Not all incompatibilities are discovered through visual inspection. Other factors to consider are the following:
Temperature, Light, Time, Dilution, Compatibility, pH, and Order of mixing
