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Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

0
Q

What are the four stages of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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1
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

It involves the movement through the body to it’s site of action (what the body does to the drug)

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2
Q

Where does metabolism mostly occur?

A

In the liver

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3
Q

What must drugs pass in get into a cell?

A

Cell membrane

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4
Q

What are the three mechanisms a drug can cross the cell membrane?

A

Passing through pores
Undergoing transport
Penetrating the membrane directly

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5
Q

What are usually the only types of drugs that can directly pass through a cell membrane?

A

Lipid soluble drugs

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6
Q

What are the only two elements that pass a cell membrane directly?

A

Potassium and sodium.

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7
Q

Where is P-glycoprotein found and what does it do?

A

Found in liver, placenta, intestine, and brain capillaries. It can transport a variety of drugs OUT of cells.

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8
Q

What will happen to a drug if it binds to P-glycoprotein?

A

Absorption of drug will decrease. It is a large protein and will not be able to pass through cell membrane.

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9
Q

What does ionize mean?

A

The change of a drug becoming water soluble.

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10
Q

Is a drug harder or easier to absorb once it’s been ionized?

A

Harder.

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11
Q

Acidic drugs ionize in _________ media

A

Basic alkaline

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12
Q

Basic drugs ionize in __________ media

A

Acidic.

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13
Q

When drugs can not be absorb in the liver, where are they excreted?

A

Bile.

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14
Q

When drugs can not be absorbed in the kidney, where are they excreted?

A

Urine

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15
Q

When a drug can not be absorbed into the placenta, where does it go?

A

Maternal blood

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16
Q

Is the stomach level acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

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17
Q

Is the intestine level acidic it basic?

A

Baisic

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18
Q

What type of soluble can penetrate a cell membrane?

A

Lipid soluble

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19
Q

What type of soluble can NOT pass the cell membrane?

A

Water soluble.

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20
Q

What is the definition of absorption?

A

The movement of a drug from it’s site of administration into the blood.

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21
Q

Where is alkaline drugs absorb?

A

Liver.

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22
Q

Where does acidic drugs absorb?

A

Stomach

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23
Q

What are different routes to administer drugs?

A

Intravenous
Intramuscular
Oral

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24
Q

What are the factors that affect drug absorption?

A 
Rare of dissolution
Surface area (small intestine- large surface area)
Blood flow 
Lipid solubility 
pH partitioning
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25
Q

The better the blood follow the better the __________?

A

Absorption.

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26
Q

The more lipid soluble the drug the grater the _________.

A

Absorption

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27
Q

What is pH partitioning?

A

When a drug accumulates in an area because a media levels pH is very different from drug.

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28
Q

What can you do for a patient if pH partitioning is a concern?

A

You can give the patient something to make the urine more acidic.

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29
Q

What are the characteristic/advantage of intravenous drug administration?

A

Very quick. Directly into blood stream. 100% absorbed.

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30
Q

What are the disadvantages of IV administration?

A

Expensive, increase risk for infection, irreversible.

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of oral administration?

A

Slow absorption rate. Everyone will have different absorption rate. Extreme variations.

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32
Q

What two drugs can not be administered orally?

A

Insulin and penicillin G.

33
Q

What does depot preparation mean?

A

Drug is high potency. Only needs to be administered once or twice a month.

34
Q

What is the definition of distribution?

A

Movement of drugs throughout body to site of action.

35
Q

What tie systems work to distribute drugs?

A

Vascular and lympathic

36
Q

Drug distribution is determined by what three factors?

A

Blood flow
Exciting vascular system
Entering cells

37
Q

Drugs are carried by the blood to ____________ and organs of the body.

A

Tissues.

38
Q

What is the major factor for distribution?

A

Blood flow.

39
Q

When drugs exit the vascular system what do they typically pass through?

A

Capillary beds.

40
Q

Drugs pass through or between capillary cells?

A

Between

41
Q

Capillary pores are extremely close together in which two structures. Making it difficult for drugs to pass through?

A

Brain and placenta

42
Q

Junctions between the tight cells that compose the walls of most capillaries in the CNS.

A

Blood brain barrier.

43
Q

Drugs can for reversible bonds with various proteins. Which protein is the most abundant and important?

A

Plasma albumin.

44
Q

Large molecule that always remains in the bloodstream. Impacts drug distribution.

A

Albumin.

45
Q

If a drug binds to albumin does the drug come out of the cell?

A

No. It has to unbound to come out.

46
Q

Most drugs must enter cells to undergo which to phases of pharmacokinetics?

A

Metabolism and excretion.

47
Q

When do most drugs produce their effects?

A

By binding with receptors on external surface of cell membrane.

Does not need to cross cell membrane to act.

48
Q

When do most drugs become active?

A

In disruption.

49
Q

Metabolism is also known as.

A

Bio transformation

50
Q

The enzymatic alteration of drug structure (changes structure of drug).

A

Metabolism.

51
Q

Metabolism often takes place where?

A

Liver

52
Q

Drug metabolism in liver is performed by what enzyme system?

A

Hepatic microsomal enzyme system. (P450)

53
Q

If P450 system is increased or decreased the structure of the drug will?

A

Alter more.

54
Q

Therapeutic consequences of drug metabolism are:

A 
Accelerated renal drug excretion
Drug inactivation
Activation of prodrugs 
Increased therapeutic action
Increased or decreased toxicity
55
Q

To eliminate drug through kidney need to change to water soluble drug.

A

Accelerated renal drug excretion.

56
Q

What does Activation of prodrugs mean?

A

Drugs need to go through metabolism to become active.

57
Q

What happens in increased therapeutic action?

A

A drug (codeine) will need to go through change to become morphine

58
Q

A special consideration in drug metabolism is induction of drug metabolism enzymes (P450). What would occur?

A

P450 will change a drug to be effective to not effective. Most important when patient is taking more than 1 drug. Increase dose of other drugs because other drug is being metabolized faster.

59
Q

First to pass drugs can not be administered how?

A

Orally.

60
Q

Removal of drugs from the body

A

Excretion

61
Q

Drugs and their metabolites can exit the body through?

A 
Urine
Sweat
Saliva
Breast milk
Expired air
62
Q

What are the three steps in renal drug excretion?

A

Glomerular filtration
Passive tubular re absorption
Active tubular secretion.

63
Q

What are three factors that modify renal drug excretion by lowering excretion?

A

pH dependent ionization
Competition for active tubular transport
Age

64
Q

What gets re absorbed in glomerular filtration?

A

Large molecules

65
Q

What gets reabsorbed in passive reabsorption?

A

Lipid soluble drugs

66
Q

What happens in active transport?

A

Organic acids and bases move drugs from blood to urine.

67
Q

Non renal routs of excretion are

A

Breast milk
Bile
Lungs
Sweat salvia

68
Q

Plasma drug levels are drug levels in what?

A

Blood

69
Q

Two plasma drug levels defined:

A 
Minimum effective concentration (MEC) 
Toxic concentration (TC)
70
Q

When MEC is increased and TC is decreased this is a good or bad drug level?

A

Good

71
Q

The objective of drug dosing is to maintain drug levels within what range?

A

Therapeutic range

72
Q

A toxic drugs had what two characteristics?

A

Narrow therapeutic range

Low therapeutic index

73
Q

Time required for the amount of drug in body to decrease by 50%

A

Half life

74
Q

What is a plateau?

A

Drug becomes stabilized in the body. Takes about 4 to 5 to stabilize and another 4 to 5 to eliminate.

75
Q

The longer the half life the less or more frequently you need to take drug?

A

Less

76
Q

Peak concentration and trough concentration?

A

Peak is increase and trough is decreased

77
Q

A loading dose is ?

A

A very large amount of a drug

78
Q

Maintain dose is?

A

A dose to maintain effects of drug.

79
Q

Enteric coated preparation protects

What?

A

Absorption in stomach goes into the liver for absorption

80
Q

Sustained release preparation

A

Longtime to take drug absorption.

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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