Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

study of the actions and effects of drugs

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

study of how the drug moves around the body

Question 3

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

study of how the drug changes the body

Question 4

Pharmaceutics

Answer 4

study of how a drug is formulated and dispensed

Question 5

ADME (what the body does to the drug)

Answer 5

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 6

Bioavailability

Answer 6

percentage of the amount administered that enters the circulation

Question 7

Absorption

Answer 7

movement of the drug from its site of administration to the circulatory system

Question 8

2 routes of drug administration

Answer 8

Enteral and parenteral

Question 9

Enteral

Answer 9

Oral and rectal

Question 10

Parenteral

Answer 10

Injection and non-injections

Question 11

Non-injections

Answer 11

Inhalation, topical, transdermal, sublingual, nasal

Question 12

Injections

Answer 12

intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraosseous, intratheceal

Question 13

Subcutaneous

Answer 13

under the skin

Question 14

Intraosseous

Answer 14

bone marrow

Question 15

Intrathecal

Answer 15

spinally

Question 16

BBB

Answer 16

helps maintain a constant environment for the brain and protects it from foreign substances or NTs from other parts of the body

Question 17

Metabolism

Answer 17

transforming inert substances into nutrients or alter toxic chemicals so they are more easily expelled from the body

Question 18

First pass metabolism

Answer 18

drug is immediately metabolized in liver before reaching systemic circulation

Question 19

Enzyme

Answer 19

controls rate at which drugs are metabolized

Question 20

Prodrugs

Answer 20

drugs that are administered in an inactive or less active form that only becomes active or more active after the drug is metabolized

Question 21

Excretion

Answer 21

elimination of a drug from the body, either unchanged or as a metabolite

Question 22

First order kinetics

Answer 22

eliminated at a rate proportional to the amount administered

Question 23

Zero-order kinetics

Answer 23

drug eliminated at aconstant rate

Question 24

Passive diffusion

Answer 24

passing from an area of high concentration into an area of lower concentration

Question 25

Meninges

Answer 25

3 layers of protection for spinal cord and brain

Question 26

layers of meninges

Answer 26

dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter

Question 27

Dura matter

Answer 27

outermost layer, includes epidural space among surrounding vertebra bones

Question 28

arachnoid matter

Answer 28

middle later, spiderweb network of capillary blood vessels

Question 29

Pia mater

Answer 29

innermost layer, surface of spinal cord

Question 30

Orally injection

Answer 30

passes through GI tract, liver, enters centra circulation

Question 31

Body membranes that affect drug distribution

Answer 31

cell membranes, walls of capillary vessels, BBB, placental barrier

Question 32

BBB

Answer 32

maintaining brain environment to function normally, structural barrier

Question 33

2 rate factors of passage to brain

Answer 33

size of drug molecule, lipid solubility

Question 34

Routes drugs leave the body

Answer 34

kidneys, lungs, bile, skin

Question 35

Biotransformation

Answer 35

drug metabolism, in bloodstream before leaving the body

Question 36

P450 enzymes

Answer 36

enzymes required for biotransformation in liver cells, turn lipophilic drugs into water soluble compounds

Question 37

Conjugation

Answer 37

drugs combines with another molecule, typically glucuronic acid

Question 38

Enzyme induction

Answer 38

increased production of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver

Question 39

Cross tolerance

Answer 39

tolerance of one drug results in a lessened response to another drug

Question 40

Kidney function

Answer 40

excrete most metabolic products, closely regulate levels of substances in bodily fluids

Question 41

first order elimination

Answer 41

metabolism rate is a constant fraction of the drug remaining in the body

Question 42

Steady state concentration

Answer 42

level of drug achieved in blood with repeated regular-interval dosing

Question 43

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 43

threshold plasma concentration is needed at receptor site to initiate and maintain pharmacological response

Question 44

metabolic tolerance

Answer 44

more enzyme is available to metabolize a drug as a result of enzyme induction

Question 45

cellular-adaptive tolerance

Answer 45

neurons adapt to excess drug either by reducing number of receptors available or by reducing their sensitivity

Question 46

Second messenger

Answer 46

When activated, mediates response initiated when NT molecules bing to an extracellular receptor

Question 47

Isomer

Answer 47

molecules formed around carbon that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

Question 48

Enantiomers

Answer 48

simple substances that show optical isomerism exist as two or more isomers

Question 49

Potency

Answer 49

amount of drug required to produce a given effect

Question 50

Affinity

Answer 50

measure of how tightly a drug binds to the receptor

Question 51

Variability

Answer 51

individual differences in drug-response

Question 52

Efficacy

Answer 52

ability to produce a desired effect

Question 53

Agonist

Answer 53

substance with both affinity and efficacy

Question 54

Antagonist

Answer 54

drug that attaches to receptor and blocks action

Question 55

Autoreceptors

Answer 55

neurons self-regulate their level of activity

Question 56

Heteroreceptors

Answer 56

neurons that regulate the activity of the presynaptic neuron

Question 57

Allosterism

Answer 57

interaction of a chemical or protein at one location on a protein influences the binding or function of the same or another chemical or protein