Pharmacogenomics and Nutrigenomics

Question 1

What is Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics: effect of drug on the body.
genetic variations, which are in the genes of the drug targets or in the associated pathways (the genes variations will impact on how the drugs interact with the molecular targets).

Question 2

Give an example for a gene influencing Pharmacodynamics in treatment?

Answer 2

VKORC1 alleles can predict the Warfarin responsiveness that reflects by INR. (as mentioned in Lecture).

Question 3

What is Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 3

Pharmacokinetics: effect of the body on the drug. genetic variation, which influence the mechanism of absorption, distribution and elimination of drug in the body. Genetic variation will determine these processes, but also environment will have it role (e.g., diet).

Question 4

What does Idiosyncratic means?

Answer 4

Idiosyncratic: genetic variations in genes coding for proteins, which are not in the drug target or
pharmacokinetic pathways, but could cause side effects (e.g., favism and anti-malarial drugs).

Question 5

Drug - Mercaptopurine

What is the gene related?

Answer 5

TPMT (Thiopurine methyltransferase)

Question 6

Drug - Warfarin

What is the gene related?

Answer 6

CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19

VKORC1 is an important variant

Question 7

Drug - Statins

What is the gene related?

Answer 7

CYP3A5
ABCB1 (MDR-1)
SLC01B1

Question 8

Drug - Beta2-agonists

What is the gene related?

Answer 8

ADRB2 (Beta2- Adrenergic-R)

ALOX5

Question 9

What is Nutrigenomics?

Answer 9

Nutrigenomics: the study on how the genetic variations influence the effect of the nutrition and how the nutrition influences the gene expression.

Question 10

Advantages that nutrigenomics can present:

Answer 10

Advantages that nutrigenomics can present:
• Personal nutrition
• Better physical and mental health
• Symptoms of several diseases can be attenuated or prevented (e.g. PKU)
• Lower health care costs

Question 11

Nutrigenomics:

GRIN2A gene in relation to nutrition and Parkinson’s disease. What should be consumed?

Answer 11

Coffee can help reduce the risk up to 59% depending on genotype

Question 12

Nutrigenomics:

CPT1A gene in relation to nutrition and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 ? What could be consumed?

Answer 12

Selection for high-fat diet - metabolic advantage in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1

Question 13

Nutrigenomics:

MTHFR C677T genotype (Ala222Val) has increased risk for CAD and Neural Tube defect. What is the nutritional therapy

Answer 13

Folate can reduce risk for CAD (coronary arteries disease) and neural tube defect of baby (NTD)