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#Pharmacotherapeudics > Pharmacodynamics > Flashcards

Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

biochemical and physiological effects of drug on body and mechanism of action

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2
Q

what is EDTA

A

chelator with an afinity for lead

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3
Q

how do antacids work

A

they are basic and work to neutralize stomach acid

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4
Q

how does mannitol work

A

it is inert and doesn’t get absorbed in the body so it works in the urine as an osmotic diuretic

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of receptors/proteins that drugs can act on

A

enzymes, transporters, ion channels, and proteins

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6
Q

molecules that bind to receptors are called

A

ligands

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7
Q

ligands include _____ as well as ______ signaling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters

A

drugs(exogenous) as well as endogenous

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8
Q

if a drug causes the receptor to respond in the same way as the naturally occuring substance the drug is called a(n)

A

agonist

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9
Q

If a drug binds to the receptor and doesnt produce a response it’s called a(n)

A

antagonist (prevents binding of endogenous NT or hormones)

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10
Q

what are the 4 major classes of receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels (nicotinic Ach receptors musc)
protein receptors (tyrosine-kinase, insulin)
g-protein coupled receptors(beta adrenergic)
ligand activated transcription factors (estrogen receptors, hormones)

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11
Q

how do transmembrane ion channels work/ex

A

ligand or voltage gated –> nicotinic Ach receptors Na+ flux

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12
Q

what is the most common pathway affected by drugs

A

transmembrane ion channel linked to intracellular G proteins (signal transduction to a 2nd messenger)

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13
Q

what do alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors do?

A

1 - activation of lipase

2 - inhib adenylyl cyclase

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14
Q

what does the beta adrenergic receptor do?

A

stimulates adenylyl cyclase

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15
Q

what does the muscarinic receptor do?

A

activates phospholipase

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16
Q

give an example of a transmembrane receptor with a cytosolic domain

A

insulin receptor and growth factor

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17
Q

Intracellular receptor binding causes ______. ex of ligands that bind (3)

A

ligand binding causes a change in gene expression (transcription factors)
steroids, hormones, VitD

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18
Q

give 2 examples of extracellular receptors

A

ACE and Ach-esterase

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19
Q

give an example of an adhesion receptor

A

integrins

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20
Q

desctribe a transmem ion receptor

A

a ligand binds to the receptor on the channel which opens the channel and the change in ion concentration triggers a cellular response

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21
Q

________ gated ion channels are activated by changed in membrane voltage

A

voltage

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22
Q

_______ gated ion channels are activated after binding of a ligand occurs …. where can the binding domain be found

A

ligand gated; intra, extracellular, or within the ion channel

23
Q

________ and ___________ drug classes work by alt the conductance of ion channels

A

local anesthetics

benzodiazepines

24
Q

G-protein coupled receptors are good for….

A

amplification of the signal

25
Q

what are secondary messengers

A

small nonprotein, water-soluable molecules or ions

26
Q

Increases in CA2+ can cause… (3)

A

musc cell contraction, cell division, and secretion of various substances

27
Q

protein linked receptors often involve ________

A

phosphorylation (tyrosine kinase)

28
Q

some proteins/receptors are located in the ___ or _____ of the target cell

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

29
Q

strong chemical bonds aka _______,

A

covalent (usually undesirable.

30
Q

what is a partial agonist, what are they good for?

A

when bound to receptor only produce a slight activation, a smaller response than an agonist.
good for pts with withdrawl… help ween (can act as a competative antagonist)

31
Q

Buprenorphine is used to treat _____ addiction because…

A

morphine, bc it is a partial agonist

32
Q

Pindolol is used to _______, often categorized as a Beta blocker, but is in fact a _______

A

HTN, but it is a partial agonist – prevents dangerous inc from sympathetic response

33
Q

antagonists do what?

A

have no action at all they inhib action of an agonist — binds to either active or allosteric site

34
Q

physiologic vs chemical antagonist

A

phys: cause opposite effect of agonist
chem: inactivates agonist before it has the opportunity to bind to the receptor

35
Q

a competative antagonist shifts the dose curve to the right which means…

A

it dec agonist potency without dec efficacy

36
Q

with noncompetative antagonists, the _______ is effected… additionally if it binds to the active site…._____

A

efficacy

if binds the active site, this is IRREVERSIBLE

37
Q

Describe the idea of spare receptors in a full response

A

ligand may be able to elicit a 50% response with <50% recpetors bound… if there are more receptors in the membrane than is needed fro a full response(like it’s been upregulated)
-common with hormones and NTs

38
Q

receptor mediated drug desensitization results in ____(fast/slow) change in the receptor via _____. Usually happens after taking _____(agonist/antagonist)

A

rapid
change in receptor conformation
agonist

39
Q

Slow longterm Desensitization can happen as a result of…..

A

a change in the number of receptors

40
Q

Non-drug mediated drug desnesitization can be dt ___ or _____

A

depletion of intracell 2nd messengers or signaling molecules

Increased rate of drug metabolism (P450 inducers met by P450 are met more quickly)

41
Q

_______ tend to desensitize receptors and _______ sensitize receptors/upregulate

A

agonists=desense

antagonists=upreg

42
Q

2 types of responses (drug responses)

A

quantal(all or none) and graded

43
Q

dose response curves plot ______ and ______

A

potency and efficacy

44
Q

define potency

A

amount of drug needed to ellict a response

45
Q

define efficacy

A

maximal response produced by a drug

46
Q

define affinity

A

probab of drug occupying a receptor at any given instance

47
Q

_____ and _____ are determined base don biofeedback and structure

A

affinity and efficacy

48
Q

what is the therapuedic window?

A

range of doses that the drug ellicits response without toxicity

49
Q

what does it mean if a drug has a narrow therapeudic index?

A

the toxic dose is close to the effective dose (digoxin)

50
Q

what is the therapeudic index(calc)

A

toxic dose in 50%/effective dose in 50%

51
Q

drugs with similar effects produce a ______ response

A

exaggerated

52
Q

drugs with opposing effects cause

A

diminshed or no response

53
Q

what are 3 changes seen in the elderly w/drug metabolism

A 
inc sensitivity of receptor top drug (need to dec dose)
dec capacity to respond to drug (need in dose)
# or affinity of receptors may be reduced

#Pharmacotherapeudics (15 decks)

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