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Pharmacology > Pharmacodynamics > Flashcards

Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of adverse effects?

A

-Quantitative- expected, unwanted consequences of the drug or toxicity due to high doses (eg hypertension if too much metaraminol)

-Qualitative effects ie unwanted effects due to hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy

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2
Q

WHat is tolerance?

A

Decreased effect following repeated exposure to a drug

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3
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

Decreased responsiveness after a single dose of a drug

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4
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

Increased response after repeated exposure to a drug

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5
Q

What is a class 1 receptro and example

A

ligand gated ion channel eg nACH receptor

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6
Q

WHat is class 2 receptor and example

A

GPCR (metabotropic)
eg mACh receptor

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7
Q

t3 receptor and example

A

kinase linked receptor-cytokine receptors

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8
Q

T4 receptor and example

A

Nuclear receptor
Oestrogen receptor

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9
Q

DIfferent types of G protein?

A

Gi, Gs, Gq

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10
Q

WHat does an activated Gs do?

A

Increase cAMP

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11
Q

What does activated Gi do?

A

decrease cAMP

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12
Q

What does activated Gq do

A

increase DAG or IP3

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13
Q

How does an activated alpha unit of a g protein return to resting state

A

Phosphorylase on the alpha subunit cleaves a phosphate from GTP to form GDP/the inactivated form of the subunit. This can then recombine with the BY subunit

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14
Q

What is ED50

A

immediate effective dose 50%
Dose of drug that produces a specified response in 50% of the population to which it was administered

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15
Q

What is EC50

A

Median effective concentration 50%
Concentration that induces a response halfway between 0 and max

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16
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

Difference between the dose that produces desired effects and the dose that produces undesired effects

17
Q

How do we calculate the therapeutic index

A

LD50/ED50

(lethal dose in 50%)

18
Q

Examples of drugs with narrow therapeutic windows/low therapeutic index

A

Warfarin, aminoglycosides, theophylline, phenytoin

19
Q

What is affinity

A

Strength of association btw drug + receptor

20
Q

WHat is Kd

A

DIssociation constant
Drug dose at which 50 % of receptors are bound + 50% unbound

21
Q

What is efficacy

A

The ability of a drug to interact with a receptor and produce a response

22
Q

What is potency

A

The ability of a drug to produce a certain effect at a certain dose. Determined by pharmacokinetics

23
Q

TYpes of antagonist?

A

Competitive
Non competitive
Irreversible

24
Q

Partial agonists and affinity?

A

GEnerally lower than full agonists, though they can be the same

25
Q

Hepatic enzyme inducers?

A

Phenytoin
CIgarette smoking
Rifampicin
CHronic alcohol
Enflurane
Halothane
Phenobarbitol
Thiopental
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Steroids

26
Q

Hepatic enzyme inhibitors

A

MEtronidzaole
Isoniazid
Chloramphenicol
Phenelzine
Trancypromine
Cimetidine
Grapefruit juice
Amiodarone

27
Q

Drugs affected by acetylator status?

A

Hydralazine
Isoniazid
sulphonamides
phenelzine
dapsone
procainamide

28
Q

Rapid acetylator status inheritance?

A

AD- 40% o f pop

29
Q

Slow acetylator status inheritence

A

AR

30
Q

WHat are the different types of drug anatagonism?

A

Competitive
Non competitive
Physiological
Chemical

31
Q

WHat is competitive drug antagonism

A

Drugs bind reversibly and the interaction can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist

32
Q

What is non competitive drug antagonism?

A

Irreversible binding of drugs (usually covalent) that cannot be overcome

33
Q

WHat is physiological antagonism od drugs?

A

WHere the opposing actions cancel each other out- eg norad increasing BP histamine decreasing BP

34
Q

WHat is chemical antagonism of drugs

A

Direct interaction which removes the drug or prevents it reaching the target ( eg penicillamine chelating lead)

35
Q

Examples of drugs acting to inhibit enzymes?

A

Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase)
Physostigmine (anticholinesterase)
Indomethacin (cyclooxygenase)
Enoxomone (phosphodiesteradse)

36
Q

Drugs that exhibit tachyphlyaxis?

A

GTN
Ephedrine
Trimetaphan

37
Q

Example of a mixed agonist-antagonist?

A

Opioids (Pentazocine, Nalbuphine and Buprenorphine), Mirtazepine, Pindolol and Xameterol

38
Q
A

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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