Classify Flashcards
Local anaesthetics
Amides and esters
Amide:
Lignocaine
Bupivacaine
Prilocaine
Ropivicaine
Ester:
Amethocaine (tetracaine)
Procaine
Cocaine
Opiods vs opiate
Opiate is all naturally occuring substances with morphine like properties
Opioid is a generic term that includes synthetic substances with an affinity for opiod receptors
NSAIDs
Classified according to action on COX isoenzymes (1/2)
Non specific *aspirin, ibuprofen)
Prefernetial COX 2 (meloxicam)
COX 2 specific (parecoxib/celecoxib)
Anti-arrhythmics
Vaughn Williams:
Class 1- sodium channel blockade
1a prolongs refractory period (procainamide)
1b shortens - lidocaine, phenytoin
1c has no effect (flecainide)
Class 2- B blockers (esmolol, bisoprolol)
Class 3- Potassium channel blockade (sotalol, amiodarone)
Class 4 - calcium channel blockers (diltiazem(
Functional classification of antiarythmics
SVT- B blocker, verapamil, adenosine, digoxine
VT- lidocaine
SVT + VT- amiodarone, flecanide
Digoxin toxicity- phenytoin
Anti-hypertensives
Mechanism
Vasodilator agents
ACE inhibition/ARBs
Calcium antagonists
Nitrates
K channel blockers
B blockers
Diuretics
Centrally acting drugs (clonidine, methyldopa)
Ganglion blockers (trimetaphan)
ACEi
Prodrugs and active drugs
Prodrugs-enalopril, ramipril
Active- captopril, lisinopril
Alpha Blockers
Non selective
A1 blockers
A2 blockers
Non selective (completely) labetolol
Non selective alpha- phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine
A1 blockers prazosin, doxazosin
A2- atipemazole (dexmed antidote)
Beta Blockers
Cardioselective and non
Cardioselective (relatively B1)
BEAM
Bisoprolol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Inotropes
Agents that increase cardiac myocardial contractility
Catecholamines/sympathomimetcs- adr, NA, isoprenaline, dobutamine
PDE inhibitors
Selective (PDE3) -milrinone , enoximone
Non selective- aminophylline
Calcium channel sensitisers
Levosimendan
Vasopressors
Sympathomimetics
- Catecholamines
- Non catecholamines
Directly acting vasopressors (vasopressin and analogues)
CNS stimulants?
?Analeptic drugs (mainly used for action as respiratory stimulants)- Doxapram
Psychoanaleptics-
Amphetamines,
Methylxanthines- caffient
Sympathomimetics
ANtiepileptics
Drugs enhancing GABA mediated inhibition
- Drugs that facilitate GABA (benzos, Barbituates)
- GABA agonists (acamprosate)
- Inhibit GABA tranaminase (normally breaks down GABA- valproate, vigabatrin)
Drugs that Inhibit/stabilise Na channels
Phenytoin, Lamotrigine, carbamazepine
Keppra- unknown, possibly prevents release of vesicles of NT
Insulins
Long/short acting
Rapid- Lispro (humalog), novorapid (aspart)
Short- human soluble insulin, actrapid
Intermediate -isophane insulin (humlin I, insulatard)
Long- insulin detemir (levemir), Glargine (lantus)
Oral hypoglycaemic
?NICE
Biguanides- metformin
Sulphonylureas (gliclazide)
SGLT2 inhibitors- canagliflozin, dapagliflozin
Gliptins (alogliptin)
DPP4 inhibitors (alogliptin)
Incretin mimetics/GLP1 analogues
DIuretics
Site of action
PCT- CA inhibitiors acetazolomide
Loop diuretics- furosemide, bumetanide
DCT- thiazide diuretics, K+ sparing
CD- aldosterone antagonists
Antiemetics
Receptor
5HT3 antagonists- Ondansetron, granisetron
D2 antagonist- metoclopramide, domperidone
Anti muscarinic- hyoscine
Antihistamine- cyclizine
NK1-aripeptritant
Mixed receptor-
Phenothiazines (prochlorperazine) -D2/h1, muscarininc
Dexamethasone (unknown)
Cannabinoids- CTZ
Antimuscarinics
Competitively inhibit post synaptice mACH receptors
Natural-
atropine
Hyoscine (scopolamine)
Semisynthetic-
Ipratropium
Tiotropium
SYnthetic-
Vesicoselective- oxybutinin
Mydriatics- cyclopentate
Antisecretory- glycopyrollate
antiparkinsonian- procyclidine
Antibiotics
Mechanism
Cell wall-
B lactams- penicillins, cephalosporins , carbapenems
Glycopeptides- vanc/teic
Protein synthesis
30s- gent, tetracyclines
50s - Macrolides, loncosamides
DNA synthesis
Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, trimethoprim (antifolate)
Uterus
Contraction triggered by- alpha 1 stimulation
Prostaglandin activation
Oxytocin
Inhibited by B2 stimulation
Drugs-
Oxytocin- synt
Ergot alkaloid (ergometrine)
Prostaglandin analgues (carboprost, misoprostol)
Adreno agonists- NA
Tocolytics
B agonists (terbutaline, salbutamol)
CAlcium antahonists (nifedipine, mag)
GTN
VOlatiles
Atosiban (antagonise oxytocin)
Anticoagulants?
Antiplatelets
Heparins (unfractionated + LMWH)
DOACs
Fibrinolytic system
Oral anticoagulants
Warfarin
DOACS
Antiplatelets
COX inhibitors (aspirin)
ADP antagonists (clopi, prasrugrel, ticagrelor)
Dipyrimadole (PDE inhibitor)
G2b3a inhibitors (tirofiban)
