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Pharmacology > Pharmacodynamics > Flashcards

Pharmacodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

If you gave a patient an agonist
(sympathomimetic drug) at a beta-2
receptor site, what physiological reaction
would you expected?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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2
Q

You are interested in giving a patient a
drug with a narrow therapeutic index. As a
clinician, what would be one of your
concerns before prescribing?

A

A narrow therapeutic index would indicate that the lethal dose and effective dose are relatively close. I would be concerned about prescribing the dose correctly to ensure that the lethal dose is not crossed.
Also is there a risk for substance abuse? Will the pt be able to adhere to taking drug properly?

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3
Q

What is the difference between potency and efficacy?

A

Potency denotes the AMOUNT of drug needed to produce a given effect. Efficacy: Refers to the relative ability of a drug-receptor complex to produce a MAXIMUM functional response

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4
Q

What are the four interactions between a
drug and receptor?

A

1) Reversible
2) Selective
3) Graded (ability to generate a response)
4) Agonistic, Partial Agonistic or Antagonistic

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5
Q

What is the fundamental difference
between an agonist and an antagonist?

A

Agonist = activates receptor to produce
physiological effect; Antagonist = blocks

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6
Q

True or False. A majority of drugs will
produce new physiological responses when
they bind to receptor sites.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False. When all receptor sites are
occupied, further administration of the
same drug will produce no effect.

A

T

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8
Q

True or False. Drugs binding forces will
typically be Van der Waals Attractions and
Covalent bonds.

A

F

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9
Q

True or False. Water-soluble drugs usually
need mediated transport to cross into a
cell’s membrane

A

T

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10
Q

Check all that apply. The intensity of
drug effect depends on:
[ ] Affinity to receptor
[ ] Drug’s efficacy
[ ] Drug’s potency
[ ] # of receptors available
[ ] Intrinsic activity

A

ALL OF THE ABOVE
Intrinsic Activity: Measure of biological effectiveness of the drug and receptor, Efficacy ability of drug to elicit a maximal response.

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11
Q

You prescribe a drug that has
experienced the ceiling effect and you have
given the maximal dose to your patient.
What should you do if you require a greater
physiological reaction?
A. You cannot do anything in this
circumstance
B. Prescribe the drug again with a higher
dosage
C. Modulate another receptor site not used
by the drug originally prescribed
D. Stop the patient from taking the
medication

A

C. Modulate another receptor site not used
by the drug originally prescribed

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12
Q

When would you order a plasma-level
profile on a patient?
A. If the level will tell us something
meaningful
B. You would order a plasma-level for all of
your patients
C. You never need to order a plasma-level
profile
D. What’s a plasma-level anyway?

A

A. If the level will tell us something
meaningful

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13
Q

The effective dose (ED50) for a
medication you are giving is 20 mg, and the
lethal dose (LD50) for the drug is 2 g. Would
you consider this a narrow therapeutic index
or a wide TI?

A

Wide TI
to convert g to mg, multiple by 1000

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14
Q

Your patient’s insulin has not been as
effective in managing their blood sugar
levels. What could be one reason for this
change in desired effect?

A. Increase in number of receptors
B. Decrease in number of receptors
C. No chance in number of receptors
D. Super-sensitivity

A
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15
Q

True or False. The afferent system
transmits sensory information from the
body to the CNS

A

T

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16
Q
  1. True or False. The efferent system
    carries the CNS’s response to stimuli to the
    body.
A

T

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17
Q

True or False. You typically target the
receptors at the ganglia in the autonomic
efferent pathway.

A

F

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18
Q

What would be another way of saying
cholinergic drug?

A

parasympathomimetic

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19
Q

What would be another way of saying
adrenergic blocking?

A

sympatholytic

20
Q

. What would be another way of saying
cholinergic blocking?

A

parasympatholytic

21
Q

What neurotransmitter would you
expect after the ganglia (post-ganglionic) in
the sympathetic efferent pathway?
A. Epinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Dopamine
D. Norepinephrine

A

Epinephrine

22
Q

What neurotransmitter will you find at
the ganglia (in the autonomic system) that
binds to Nicotinic receptors?
A. Epinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Dopamine
D. Norepinephrine

A

Acetylcholine

23
Q

What physiological effect would you
expect from a neuromuscular blocker
(antagonist) acting on the somatic nicotinic
receptor?

A

paralysis

24
Q

Where do the parasympathetic ganglia
lie in the body?
A. Close to the spinal cord
B. Midway between the spinal cord and
effector organ
C. Close to or within the walls of the
effector organ
D. B & C

A

C

25
Q

Which of the following are
catecholamines?
[ ] Acetylcholine
[ ] Norepinephrine
[ ] Epinephrine
[ ] Dopamine

A

[ ] Norepinephrine
[ ] Epinephrine
[ ] Dopamine

26
Q

You give a beta-1 antagonist
(sympatholytic drug). What physiological
effect do you expect?
A. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased heart rate
C. Bronchodilation
D. Increased contraction in the heart

A

B. Decreased heart rate

27
Q

True or False. Nicotine binds to nicotinic
receptors but not muscarinic receptors.
[ ] True
[ ] False

A

T

28
Q

True or False. Atropine blocks muscarinic but not nicotinic receptor sites

A

T, Atropine can affect heart rate with out causing paralysis.

29
Q

T/F Curare is a nicotinic receptor blocker.

A

T, It can cause paralysis.

30
Q

What is the role of alpha-2 receptors (on
the presynaptic nerve endings)?
A. Stimulate contraction of smooth muscle
B. Uterine relaxation
C. Bronchodilation
D. Inhibition of norepinephrine

A

D. Inhibition of norepinephrine

31
Q

. If you flooded the alpha-1 receptors with
norepinephrine, would you need to use a
drug at the alpha-2 receptor?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No

A

No

32
Q

Which would have a larger effect with
the use of an agonist? Select the correct
answer.
[ ] Alpha 1: vasoconstriction
[ ] Beta 2: vasodilation

A

[ ] Alpha 1: vasoconstriction, such as increased contractile force, decreased heart rate.

33
Q

What allows the interaction between a drug and a drug receptor to occur?

A

Partial electrical interaction between positive and negative charges on drug and receptor. Allows for irreversible binding.

34
Q

T/F. An antagonist must bind to the receptor to affect binding.

A

F, partial antagonist can affect binding

35
Q

What is the relationship between Heroin and Narcan (Naloxone)?

A

Heroin is an agonist for the opioid receptor and slows respiratory rate when bound. While narcan is an antagonist for the opioid receptor and is administered to increase respiratory rate.

36
Q

Explain why Heroin laced Fentanyl requires repeated doses of narcan?

A

Fentanyl has a higher affinity for the opioid receptor than heroin. It also requires less concentration of fentanyl to get the desired effect. Requires more narcan to occupy the opioid receptor and get a response.

37
Q

What is the therapeutic range?

A

The therapeutic range is the range at which a drug has the highest response without being toxic

38
Q

Explain the phenomenon of insulin resistant diabetes.

A

Insulin resistant diabetes occurs when the receptors change conformation over time. As a result low doses of insulin cannot bind to the receptor to achieve a physiological effect. More insulin is needed.

39
Q

Desensitisation can occur as a result of:
Down Regulations
Reduced production of receptors
Receptor relocation.
All of the above

A

all of the above

40
Q

Define dual innervation.

A

Dual innervation is the ability of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic system to act upon an organ.

41
Q

Where do many of the sympathetic ganglia lie?

A

Close to the spinal cord.

42
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase.

43
Q

How does nerve gas affect the breakdown of acetylcholine?

A

Nerve gas forms covalent bonds with acetylcholinesterase, thus preventing it from degrading of NTs

44
Q

What is the process of degradation of norepinephrine?

A

Norepi can be removed from the synapse via reuptake process or by breaking it down via enzyme mono-amine-oxidase.

45
Q

T/F Norepi has a higher affinity for beta receptors.

A

False, it has a higher affinity for alpha receptors.

46
Q

T/F Epinephrine has equal affinity for both beta and alpha receptors.

A

T

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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