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Adverse Effects Flashcards

1
Q

Side Effect

A

Unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses.

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2
Q

Toxicity

A

Adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing

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3
Q

Drug overdose

A

Toxic reaction to excess dose or impaired excretion.

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4
Q

Idiosyncratic Effect

A

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition.

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5
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

A disease produced by a provider or drug

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6
Q

Physical Dependence

A

The body has adopted to prolong drug exposure, lead to abstinence syndrome if drug is discontinued. The body is dependent on the drug.

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7
Q

Carcinogenic effect

A

medication or environmental chemicals that can cause cancer.

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8
Q

Teratogenic Effect

A

A drug-induced birth defect

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9
Q

Drug Interaction

A

A drug-drug interaction. How a drug affect the effectiveness or toxicity of another drug. Heroin and narcan

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10
Q

Drug Intolerance

A

Low threshold to the normal pharmacological action of a drug. A low dose of the drug has a big pharmacological effect.

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11
Q

Drug Allergy

A

Immunological mediated reaction to a medication when exposed.

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12
Q

Pseudo Allergic Reaction

A

clinical manifestation similar to an allergic reaction due a histamine release but lack immunological response.
For example Morphine: Giving morphine too quickly via IV can result in hives. Giving IV morphine slowly does not have this reaction.

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13
Q

What are the two types of adverse drug reactions?

A
  • Type A pharmacologic
    -Type B Idiosyncratic
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14
Q

Define and provide an example for pharmacologic adverse drug reaction.

A

An expected primary or secondary pharmacological response. dose dependent.
Example: Primary: blood pressure. Give med to lower BP but BP gets too low.
Secondary: BP drug make you nauseous.

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15
Q

Define and provide an example for Idiosyncratic adverse drug.

A

Unexpected pharmacological response not related to the primary effect of drug. Not dose dependent. Low dose or high dose produce response.
Example: An allergic reaction to penicillin

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16
Q

What are the four types of drug induced blood disorders?

A

1) Hemolytic Anemia
2) Thrombocytopenia
3) Neutropenia
4) Aplastic Anemia

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17
Q

T/F Hemolytic anemia is the increased destruction of red blood cells.

A

T
It can occur inside and outside (organs) the vasculature.
Caused by toxic effect or inherited abnormality or induced immune response.

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18
Q

How is glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6PD) related to hemoltyic anemia?

A

G-6PD: Enzyme provides reinforcement to the walls of red blood cells against oxidant agents.
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: weaken the walls of red blood cells resulting in hemolysis when exposed to oxidant drugs.

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19
Q

T/F glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is sex-linked in mother to daughter transmission.

A

False: It is sex-linked to mother to son transmission.

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20
Q

What is drug induced thrombocytopenia?

A

Drugs that reduce platelet count below 100,000-150,000/mm3

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21
Q

What range of platelet counts indicate thrombocytopenia?

A

<100,000 - 150-000 mm3

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22
Q

What are mechanisms that contribute to drug induced thrombocytopenia?
a) direct toxic immune suppression or destruction
b) decreased platelet product via thrombopoiesis suppression.
c) all of the above

A

c) all of the above.

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23
Q

Define drug induce neutropenia.

A

Drug induced reduction of white blood cells below the normal range of 2000 cells per mm3.

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24
Q

How might drugs affect hepatocytes in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes are the site of metabolic processing of drugs. The metabolites of some drugs can be toxic to hepatocytes.

25
How might drugs adversely affect the gallbladder?
Drugs can affect the gallbladder by impairing secretion of bile or blocking the flow of bile also known as cholestatic lesions.
26
What is centrilobular necrosis?
Type of liver disorder. Caused by the conversion of drug into toxic metabolites. Resulting in the acute death of hepatocytes, can spread.
27
What is steatonecrosis?
steato mean fatty tissue. Steatonecrosis is damage caused to the liver due to accumulation of fatty acid in the liver. Result from many yrs of drinking.
28
Explain why aspirin is no longer used to treat children?
Aspirin is no longer given to children because it can cause Rye's syndrome in children recovering from a viral infection.
29
Drug XYZ is well known for causing toxic hepatitis in patients. Explain how this occurs.
Toxic hepatitis occur when non toxic metabolites binds to proteins and produce an autoimmune response.
30
What is cirrhosis?
Long term hepatotoxic reaction caused by untreated hepatitis.
31
Cholestatic Jaundice is caused by:
Blockage to the flow of blie or bile duct impairment.
32
For most drugs , the period of greatest risk of drug-induced structural defects during pregnancy is:
1st trimester
33
The period of greatest risk of drug-induced fine structure and function defect during pregnancy is:
2nd and 3rd trimester
34
Provide an example of a drug that cause tetrogenicity.
Thalidomide is an anti-anxiety drug that was given to women. Noticed that when taking during 1st trimester, it caused structural abnormality in new born.
35
You are a PA treating a pregnant patient for UTI. What are some factor you must consider before prescribing a drug?
Some drugs are able to cross the placenta via passive diffusion. ----Lipid soluble and small can cross the placenta. I would treat this patient with a drug that has a large molecular weight. Allow though water-soluble drug might not pass the placenta. I would not use it because they tend to have a low volume of distribution.
36
What are the different letter grading risk factors?
Category A: No risk in 1st trimester or later trimesters (controlled human studies) Category B: Animal studies showed no risk or showed adverse effects that can be confirmed in humans. Category C: Some studies indicate risk to fetus. Out weight risk and benefits of giving drug. Category D: Positive evidence of risk. Give drug if life threatening situation. Category X: Evidence of fetal abnormalities. Dont give to preg women or suspected preg women.
37
Explain the concept of ion trapping in breast milk.
Breast milk is acidic compared to the serum. When lipid soluble (basic) drug passively diffuse into like. They become ionized (water soluble). As a result they are unable to leave the breast milk.
38
What are some functions of the kidneys?
Acid-base balance maintenance H2O + electrolyte homeostasis excretion
39
What is ototoxicity?
It is drug induce deafness due to prolong drug exposure. the accumulation of drugs can cause: Reversible: injury or impairment to tissue generation. Irreversible: Hair cell loss or cell death.
40
What is cross reactivity?
Drug A has a similar chemical structure as Drug B (the allergy causing agent). Therefore drug A can produce an allergic reaction as well.
41
What is the function of IgG?
-75 percent in serum, involved in secondary immune responses. -Found in blood, milk, csf, synovial fuild. -Can cross placenta and act as temp immunity to developing fetus.
42
What is the function of IgM?
Triggers the production of IgG in acute infections.
43
What is the function of IgA?
IgA if found in the stomach, saliva, tears. Defends body surface against invading organism.
44
What is the function of IgE?
IgE is found in tissues and surface membrane. responsible for hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis.
45
T/F the function of IgD is unknown.
T
46
Drug-Drug interactions can led to
one drug can led to the increase or decrease effect of another drug. Consider if the might compete for enzyme.
47
Drug-food interactions can lead to
combined it can lead to the increased or decreased effect of drug. Example affects of grapefruit juice on drugs.
48
Drug-lab interactions can lead to:
Impacts the results of the lab test.
49
Pharmacodynamic Interactions: drugs, foods etc. Affects what?
Affects the pharmacological response or nutrient.
50
Pharmacokinetics interaction: drug food etc. Affects what?
Affects the distribution, absorption, metabolism and elimination of drug.
51
What is a subtrate?
A drug that is getting metabolised by an enzyme and does not increase or decrease the activities of the enzyme.
52
inhibitors compete with the
substrate
53
Metabolised by the enzyme system and decreases the enzyme activity of a different enzyme is called?
Inhibitor
54
T/F inhibitors act more rapidly that inductors.
T
55
The onset of inhibition and termination of effect is dependent on what?
The half life of both the inhibiting drug and the drug whose metabolism is being inhibited.
56
Chronic exposure to drugs can result in greater enzyme production describes what?
induction. dose dependent
57
What are two factors that increase enzyme production?
increased hepatic blood flow synthesis of more cytochrome p-450 enzyme
58
T/F time course of induction is dependent on half-life of drugs affected.
T
59
T/F a drug may be metabolized by one isoenzyme but inhibited or induce a different enzyme system.
T can stereo selective

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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