Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

What is the relationship between the drug dose and plasma concentration?

Answer 1

pharmacokinetics

Question 2

What is the relationship between the effect site concentration and clinical effect?

Answer 2

pharmacodynamics

Question 3

What theory unities kinetics and dynamics by examining plasma concentration and effect site concentration?

Answer 3

pharmacobiophasics

Question 4

What affects pharmokinetics?

Answer 4

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Question 5

Vd, half lives, metabolism, enzyme induction and inhibition, clearance, steady state, context sensitive half life, degree of ionization, protein binding, ion trapping are all part of what pharmacology theory?

Answer 5

pharmacokinetics

Question 6

Rate constants between the plasma and effect site make up what theory?

Answer 6

pharmacobiophysics

Question 7

Potency, efficacy, dose response curve slope, agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist, ED50, LD50, therapeutic index and stereochemistry all make up what theory?

Answer 7

pharmacodynamics

Question 8

What the body does to the drug?

Answer 8

pharmacokinetics

Question 9

What the drug does to the body?

Answer 9

pharmacodynamics

Question 10

What does slope on a dose response curve tell us?

Answer 10

how many receptors need to be occupied to elicit a clinical effect

Question 11

What does a steep dose response curve tell us?

Answer 11

most receptors need to be occupied to create a response

Question 12

What medications have a steep dose response curve?

Answer 12

inhaled anesthetics and NMB

Question 13

What is potency on a dose response curve?

Answer 13

the dose required to achieve a clinical effect

Question 14

What affects drug potency?

Answer 14

absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and receptor affinity

Question 15

What are two measures of potency?

Answer 15

ED50 and LD50

Question 16

What does a left shift on the dose response curve indicate?

Answer 16

increased affinity for receptor-> increased potency, lower dose required for a clinical effect

Question 17

What does a right shift on the dose response curve indicate?

Answer 17

decreased affinity for the receptor -> decreased potency, higher dose required for a clinical response

Question 18

What is efficacy on a dose response curve?

Answer 18

a measure of the intrinsic ability of a drug to elicit a given clinical effect

Question 19

What does the height on a dose response curve indicate?

Answer 19

efficacy

Question 20

Once a drugs efficacy is reached what can occur if more drug is administered?

Answer 20

toxic levels, not additional effects

Question 21

What type of agonist binds to a receptor and turns on a specific response?

Answer 21

full agonist

Question 22

What does a full agonist tell the receptor to do?

Answer 22

produce its maximal response

Question 23

Continuous administration of a full agonist causes up/down regulation of target receptors?

Answer 23

down regulation

Question 24

What type of agonist binds to a receptor but is only capable of partially turning on a cellular response?

Answer 24

partial agonist

Question 25

What is another name for a partial agonist?

Answer 25

agonist-antagonist

Question 26

What does a partial agonist do at receptor sites?

Answer 26

competes for receptor sites and blocks the agonist

Question 26

What kind of drug sits in the receptor and prevents the agonist from binding?

Answer 26

antagonist

Question 27

Does an antagonist have efficacy?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

Continuous infusion of an antagonist causes up/down regulation of target receptors?

Answer 28

up regulation

Question 29

What type of antagonist is reversible? Non reversible?

Answer 29

competitive antagonism is reversible | non-competitive antagonism is not reversible

Question 30

How does a competitive antagonist shift the dose response curve? What does this mean?

Answer 30

Right. increasing concentration of the agonist can overcome the antagonist, but it less potent.

Question 31

What is an example of a competitive antagonist?

Answer 31

Rocuronium and Ach receptors

Question 32

Describe non-competitive antagonism.

Answer 32

The drug binds to the receptor and does not unbind. New receptors must be made.

Question 33

How does a non-competitive antagonist shift the dose response curve?

Answer 33

down. like a partial agonist

Question 34

What is an example of a non-competitive antagonist

Answer 34

aspirin

Question 35

What is an inverse agonist?

Answer 35

binds to the receptor and causes the opposite effect as agonist. Negative efficacy

Question 36

``` Match the following. 1+1=2. potentiation 1+1=3 addition 1+0=3 antagonism 1+1=0 synergism ```

Answer 36

1+1=2 addition 1+1=3 synergism 1+0=3 potentiation 1+1=0 antagonism

Question 37

What term describes two drugs given at the same time?

Answer 37

addition

Question 38

What term describes two drugs given produce greater effect together?

Answer 38

synergism

Question 39

What term describes when one drug is enhanced by another with no effect on its own?

Answer 39

potentiation

Question 40

What term describes when one drug cancels the other?

Answer 40

antagonism

Question 41

What is ED50?

Answer 41

the dose produces the expected clinical response in 50% of the population.

Question 42

What is ED50 a measure of?

Answer 42

potentcy

Question 43

What is LD50?

Answer 43

the dose that produced death in 50% of the population

Question 44

What is therapeutic index and how is it calculated?

Answer 44

measure of drug safety. LD50/ED50

Question 45

Drug A has a therapeutic index of 10, Drug B has a therapeutic index of 50. Which drug is safer?

Answer 45

drug B

Question 46

What is chirality?

Answer 46

molecules with a center of 3 dimensional asymmetry. Carbon bound to 4 different atoms.

Question 47

What is enantiomerism?

Answer 47

chiral molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

Question 48

How to dextrorotatory and levorotatory molecules rotate?

Answer 48

dextrorotatory: clockwise levorotatory: counter-clockwise

Question 49

What drugs are enantiomers in clinical practice? | (Kids Today May Illegally Drink My Parents Beer Maybe Monday If Kept

Answer 49

ketamine, thiopental, methohexital, isoflurane, desflurane, mepivicaine, prilocaine, bupivicaine, morphine, methadone, ibuprofen, ketorolac

Question 50

What are racemic mixtures?

Answer 50

two enantiomers in equal amounts

Question 51

What are examples of racemic mixtures in practice?

Answer 51

levobupivicaine, ketamine

Question 52

What is special about ketamine?

Answer 52

it is a enantiomer and racemic mixture

Question 53

Label as antagonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist, full agonist

Answer 53

Question 54

What is the dose required to achieve a given clinical effect? Depicted on the x-axis

Answer 54

Potency

Question 55

What is the intrinsic ability of a drug to elicit a given clinical effect? Depicted on the y-axis?

Answer 55

efficacy