Pharmacodynamic Phase

Question 1

PHARMACODYNAMIC PHASE

Answer 1

Study of drug concentration and its effects on the body

Question 2

Drug response can cause?

Answer 2

a primary or secondary physiologic
effect, or both.

Question 3

Dose Response

Answer 3

Relationship between the minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce desired drug response

Question 4

Maximal Efficacy

Answer 4

Maximum drug effect

Question 5

Onset

Answer 5

Time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration after a drug is administered.
Example: start of lowering temperature after fever

Question 6

Peak

Answer 6

Drug reaches the highest blood or plasma concentration
Example: Totally healed

Question 7

Fastest drug to reach the peak are those given in?

Answer 7

IV: 3-10minutes
Oral route: 1-3 hours

Question 8

Duration

Answer 8

Length of time drug has a pharmacologic effect.

Question 9

Agonists

Answer 9

Produce a response
Example: Epinephrine

Question 10

Antagonist

Answer 10

Block a response.
Example: Drug - Cimetidine, Receptor - Histamine

Question 11

Nonspecific Drug Effects

Answer 11

Drugs that affect various body sites
○ Eyes, heart, lungs, GI tract

Question 12

Nonselective Drug Effects

Answer 12

drugs that affect various receptors
○ Alpha 1, Beta 1, Beta 2

Question 13

CATEGORIES OF DRUG ACTION

Answer 13

1. Stimulation or depression (Nervous System)
2. Replacement (Taking insulin for Diabetes)
3. Inhibition, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, or Killing of Organisms (Antibacterial, Antifungals)
4. Irritation (Constipation: can irritate the lining of GI tract to
   perform peristalsis)
5. Modification of Immune Status (Anti-inflammatory drugs)

Question 14

Therapeutic Index

Answer 14

Estimates margin of safety of a drug
through the use of a ratio that measures the effective dose
and the lethal dose

Question 15

Drug with Low TI

Answer 15

has a narrow margin of safety (hindi ganun ka-safe, needs to be monitored for toxic effects even if tama ang pagadminister).

Question 16

Drug with High TI

Answer 16

has a wide MOS (Margin Of Safety) (very safe).

Question 17

Therapeutic Range

Answer 17

Should be between the minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the maximum toxic concentration.

Question 18

Peak Drug Level

Answer 18

Highest plasma concentration of a drug (at a peak level) at a specific time which indicate rate of absorption.

Question 19

Through Drug Level

Answer 19

Lowest plasma concentration (taken immediately before the next dose; for low TI) of a drug, which measures the rate at which a drug is eliminated.

Question 20

if a drug’s peak level is high, if a drug’s through level
is high, it means?

Answer 20

toxicity can occur

Question 21

LOADING DOSE

Answer 21

When immediate drug response is desired, a large initial
dose is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective
concentration in plasma.
Example: Digoxin for CHF, para umepekto agad in improving heart contraction and lessen congestion. Usually has a loading dose.

Question 22

All Loading Dose are?

Answer 22

one-time dose, then sinusundan lang ng maintenance dose (which is less dosage).

Question 23

Side Effects

Answer 23

Desirable and undesirable
Example: Benadryl (side effect is drowsiness)
■ Taking a certain drug in the morning while taking an exam, and got drowsy (undesirable)
■ Taking a certain drug in the evening to have a good sleep (desirable)

Question 24

Adverse Reactions

Answer 24

undesirable (allergic reactions, superinfection, organ toxicity)

Question 25

Toxic Effects

Answer 25

dangerous and may be considered lethal.
○ Drugs with low TI; can cause neurotoxicity, autotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity

Question 26

PHARMACOGENETICS

Answer 26

Effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug
response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence. (not effective for other race)

Question 27

Tolerance

Answer 27

Decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy.
Ex: Drug tolerance for narcotics can result in decrease pain relief. To avoid tolerance, drugs must be finished.

Question 28

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 28

Rapid decrease in response to the drug. Acute tolerance.

Question 29

PLACEBO EFFECT

Answer 29

Psychologic benefit from a compounds that may not have
the chemical structure of a drug effect
○ Usually done in clinical drug studies