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Pharmaco Flashcards

1
Q

What is Vinblastine primarily used to treat?

A

Vinblastine is primarily used to treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin’s lymphoma and testicular cancer.

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2
Q

True or False: Paclitaxel is a plant-derived chemotherapy drug.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Etoposide is derived from ________.

A

podophyllotoxin

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4
Q

Which drug is known for its use in treating breast cancer and ovarian cancer?

A

Paclitaxel

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Topotecan?

A

Topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common side effect of Methotrexate? A) Nausea B) Hair growth C) Increased energy D) Weight gain

A

A) Nausea

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7
Q

What type of drug is Gemcitabine?

A

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as a chemotherapy agent.

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8
Q

True or False: Teniposide is used primarily in the treatment of leukemia.

A

True

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9
Q

What is the primary action of Fluorouracil?

A

Fluorouracil inhibits thymidylate synthase, disrupting DNA synthesis.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Etoposide is often used in combination therapy for ________ cancer.

A

lung

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11
Q

Which drug is classified as an antimetabolite?

A

Methotrexate

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which agent is NOT a vinca alkaloid? A) Vincristine B) Vinblastine C) Paclitaxel D) Vinorelbine

A

C) Paclitaxel

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13
Q

What is the common route of administration for Paclitaxel?

A

Paclitaxel is commonly administered intravenously.

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14
Q

True or False: Gemcitabine can be used to treat pancreatic cancer.

A

True

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15
Q

What is a significant toxicity associated with Methotrexate?

A

Methotrexate can cause myelosuppression.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Topotecan is mainly indicated for ________ cancer.

A

ovarian

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17
Q

Which drug interacts with microtubules to inhibit cancer cell division?

A

Paclitaxel

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Teniposide?

A

Teniposide inhibits topoisomerase II, leading to DNA strand breaks.

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19
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a pyrimidine analog? A) Gemcitabine B) Vinblastine C) Etoposide D) Paclitaxel

A

A) Gemcitabine

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20
Q

What is the primary use of Etoposide?

A

Etoposide is primarily used in the treatment of testicular cancer and small cell lung cancer.

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21
Q

True or False: Fluorouracil is administered orally only.

A

False

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Vinblastine is often used in combination with ________ for treating lymphomas.

A

bleomycin

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23
Q

Which drug is known for causing peripheral neuropathy as a side effect?

A

Vincristine

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24
Q

What type of cancer is Gemcitabine particularly effective against?

A

Gemcitabine is particularly effective against pancreatic cancer.

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25
Q

Multiple Choice: Which drug is a first-line treatment for advanced ovarian cancer? A) Topotecan B) Methotrexate C) Paclitaxel D) Etoposide

A

C) Paclitaxel

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26
Q

What is the role of Fluorouracil in cancer treatment?

A

Fluorouracil is used to inhibit DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.

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27
Q

What is Vinblastine primarily used to treat?

A

Vinblastine is primarily used to treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin’s lymphoma and testicular cancer.

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28
Q

True or False: Paclitaxel is a plant-derived chemotherapy drug.

A

True

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: Etoposide is derived from ________.

A

podophyllotoxin

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30
Q

Which drug is known for its use in treating breast cancer and ovarian cancer?

A

Paclitaxel

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Topotecan?

A

Topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis.

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32
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common side effect of Methotrexate? A) Nausea B) Hair growth C) Increased energy D) Weight gain

A

A) Nausea

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33
Q

What type of drug is Gemcitabine?

A

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as a chemotherapy agent.

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34
Q

True or False: Teniposide is used primarily in the treatment of leukemia.

A

True

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35
Q

What is the primary action of Fluorouracil?

A

Fluorouracil inhibits thymidylate synthase, disrupting DNA synthesis.

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: Etoposide is often used in combination therapy for ________ cancer.

A

lung

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37
Q

Which drug is classified as an antimetabolite?

A

Methotrexate

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38
Q

Multiple Choice: Which agent is NOT a vinca alkaloid? A) Vincristine B) Vinblastine C) Paclitaxel D) Vinorelbine

A

C) Paclitaxel

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39
Q

What is the common route of administration for Paclitaxel?

A

Paclitaxel is commonly administered intravenously.

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40
Q

True or False: Gemcitabine can be used to treat pancreatic cancer.

A

True

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41
Q

What is a significant toxicity associated with Methotrexate?

A

Methotrexate can cause myelosuppression.

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: Topotecan is mainly indicated for ________ cancer.

A

ovarian

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43
Q

Which drug interacts with microtubules to inhibit cancer cell division?

A

Paclitaxel

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44
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Teniposide?

A

Teniposide inhibits topoisomerase II, leading to DNA strand breaks.

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45
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a pyrimidine analog? A) Gemcitabine B) Vinblastine C) Etoposide D) Paclitaxel

A

A) Gemcitabine

46
Q

What is the primary use of Etoposide?

A

Etoposide is primarily used in the treatment of testicular cancer and small cell lung cancer.

47
Q

True or False: Fluorouracil is administered orally only.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: Vinblastine is often used in combination with ________ for treating lymphomas.

49
Q

Which drug is known for causing peripheral neuropathy as a side effect?

A

Vincristine

50
Q

What type of cancer is Gemcitabine particularly effective against?

A

Gemcitabine is particularly effective against pancreatic cancer.

51
Q

Multiple Choice: Which drug is a first-line treatment for advanced ovarian cancer? A) Topotecan B) Methotrexate C) Paclitaxel D) Etoposide

A

C) Paclitaxel

52
Q

What is the role of Fluorouracil in cancer treatment?

A

Fluorouracil is used to inhibit DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.

53
Q

What are the two main types of cancer drugs based on their cell cycle specificity?

A

Specific and Non-specific

Specific drugs target specific phases of the cell cycle, while non-specific drugs affect all phases.

54
Q

Name a class of cancer drugs derived from plants.

A

Plant Alkaloids

Plant alkaloids include drugs like Vinblastine and Taxanes.

55
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Vinblastine?

A

Binds to microtubules, preventing their function

This action interferes with spindle formation during cell division.

56
Q

Which drug is a taxane used in cancer treatment?

A

Paclitaxel

Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules and prevents their breakdown.

57
Q

What is the role of alkylating agents in cancer treatment?

A

Alkylate DNA, causing cross-linking and preventing DNA replication

Examples include Busulfan and Nitrosoureas.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is an alkylating agent that binds to DNA and causes breakage.

A

Nitrosoureas

Nitrosoureas can cross the blood-brain barrier due to their lipid solubility.

59
Q

Name one type of antibiotic used as a cancer drug.

A

Anthracyclines

Examples include Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin.

60
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Anthracyclines?

A

Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, preventing replication

They also inhibit topoisomerase enzymes.

61
Q

True or False: Cisplatin is a type of alkylating agent.

A

False

Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug that forms cross-links in DNA.

62
Q

What are the side effects associated with Doxorubicin?

A

Cardiotoxicity and alopecia

These are common adverse effects of many anthracyclines.

63
Q

Which drug is known to inhibit thymidylate synthase?

A

5-Fluorouracil

This inhibition affects DNA synthesis.

64
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, blocking DNA synthesis

Methotrexate is used in various cancers and autoimmune diseases.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a drug that prevents DNA synthesis by interfering with the synthesis of nucleotides.

A

Gemcitabine

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used in cancer therapy.

66
Q

What class of drugs includes Teniposide (VM-26)?

A

Podophyllotoxins

Podophyllotoxins inhibit topoisomerase II, leading to DNA damage.

67
Q

What is the primary target of alkylating agents?

A

DNA

They alkylate guanine residues in DNA, leading to mutations.

68
Q

Name a common side effect of chemotherapy that affects the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Nausea and vomiting

These are common side effects due to the toxicity of many cancer drugs.

69
Q

What is the drug class of vinblastine?

A

Vinblastine is classified as a vinca alkaloid.

70
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of vinblastine?

A

Vinblastine inhibits microtubule formation, disrupting mitosis and leading to cell death.

71
Q

True or False: Vinblastine is used primarily in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

72
Q

Fill in the blank: Vinblastine is often used in combination with other drugs in treatment regimens such as ______.

73
Q

What are common side effects of vinblastine?

A

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and constipation.

74
Q

True or False: Vinblastine can cause peripheral neuropathy.

75
Q

What serious adverse effect is associated with vinblastine?

A

Vinblastine can cause bone marrow suppression.

76
Q

Which type of cancer is vinblastine primarily used to treat?

A

Vinblastine is primarily used to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma and testicular cancer.

77
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a side effect of vinblastine? A) Constipation B) Respiratory distress C) Nausea D) Hair loss

A

B) Respiratory distress.

78
Q

What is the route of administration for vinblastine?

A

Vinblastine is administered intravenously.

79
Q

True or False: Vinblastine is a cell cycle-specific drug.

80
Q

Fill in the blank: The mechanism of action of vinblastine involves the disruption of ______ formation.

A

microtubule.

81
Q

What is a potential long-term effect of vinblastine treatment?

A

Potential long-term effects include the risk of secondary malignancies.

82
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common side effect of vinblastine? A) Diarrhea B) Weight gain C) Alopecia D) Hypertension

A

C) Alopecia.

83
Q

Which organ system can be severely affected by vinblastine toxicity?

A

The hematopoietic system.

84
Q

True or False: Vinblastine can lead to anaphylactic reactions.

85
Q

What is the dosing adjustment needed for vinblastine in patients with hepatic impairment?

A

Dosing may need to be reduced in patients with hepatic impairment.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: Vinblastine is contraindicated in patients with ______.

A

severe bone marrow depression.

87
Q

What is the effect of vinblastine on mitosis?

A

Vinblastine prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle, halting cell division.

88
Q

True or False: Vinblastine is effective against solid tumors.

89
Q

What is the importance of monitoring during vinblastine therapy?

A

Monitoring is important to manage potential bone marrow suppression and other adverse effects.

90
Q

Multiple Choice: What can vinblastine cause that impacts the gastrointestinal system? A) Diarrhea B) Constipation C) Ulceration D) Hemorrhage

A

B) Constipation.

91
Q

How does vinblastine affect white blood cell counts?

A

Vinblastine can cause leukopenia, reducing white blood cell counts.

92
Q

Fill in the blank: The brand name for vinblastine is ______.

93
Q

What should be monitored to prevent complications in patients receiving vinblastine?

A

Complete blood counts (CBC) should be monitored regularly.

94
Q

What are Erlotinib and Gefitinib classified as?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors

They are primarily used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

95
Q

How do Erlotinib and Gefitinib work?

A

They block the activity of EGFR tyrosine kinase by binding to the ATP-binding site of EGFR

This prevents activation and downstream signaling pathways responsible for cell proliferation and survival.

96
Q

What type of therapy is Cetuximab?

A

Monoclonal antibody

It specifically binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR.

97
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Cetuximab?

A

Blocks the binding of natural ligands to EGFR

This prevents receptor activation and inhibits dimerization of EGFR.

98
Q

What does Bevacizumab inhibit?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

This is essential for blood vessel formation in tumors.

99
Q

What is the effect of Bevacizumab on tumor growth?

A

Reduces blood supply to tumors

This action limits tumor growth and ability to spread.

100
Q

What type of inhibitor is Bortezomib?

A

Proteasome inhibitor

It is used primarily to treat multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.

101
Q

What is the primary action of Bortezomib?

A

Disrupts normal homeostatic mechanisms that maintain protein balance

This leads to accumulation of proteins within the cell.

102
Q

What is Sorafenib used to treat?

A

Advanced renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma

It is a multi-kinase inhibitor.

103
Q

What receptors does Sorafenib target?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-ß)

These are involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis.

104
Q

What is Brentuximab vedotin?

A

An antibody-drug conjugate

It consists of a chimeric anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody attached to a microtubule inhibitor.

105
Q

What happens to the MMAE in Brentuximab vedotin after binding to CD30?

A

It is released with the action of lysosomal enzymes on the linker

This occurs after internalization of the antibody-drug conjugate.

106
Q

What do anti-PD-1 antibodies, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, target?

A

PD-1 on T cells

They block PD-L1/PD-1-mediated immune checkpoint signaling.

107
Q

What is the result of blocking PD-1 function?

A

Reactivation of T cells that exert cytotoxic function against tumor cells

This allows immune cells to recognize and counter tumor cells.

108
Q

Fill in the blank: Bevacizumab is used to inhibit _______.

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

109
Q

True or False: Sorafenib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

110
Q

Fill in the blank: Bortezomib is primarily used to treat _______.

A

Multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma

Critical Care_Oncology (7 decks)

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