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Pharmaco Flashcards

1
Q

What is effective refractory period?

A

Cardiac muscles cant undergo another action potential

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2
Q

What is the term to describe the concept of cells able to change its internal electrical balance to reach threshold?

A

Excitability

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3
Q

What is the term to describe the concept of cells being able to generate an electrical impulse without being stimulated?

A

Automaticity

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4
Q

What is the term to describe the concept of cells able to transfer electrical impulses to the next cell?

A

Conductivity

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5
Q

What channels are blocked by 1A, 1B and 1C?

A

Na+ channel blockers

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6
Q

Example of class 1A drug is …

A

Procainamide

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7
Q

Example of class 1B drug is …

A

Lidocaine

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8
Q

Example of class 1C drug is …

A

Flecainide

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9
Q

What is the clinical use of flecainide?

A

Used for refractory ventricular tachycardias that tend to progress to VF

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10
Q

What are class 2 drugs?

A

Beta-blockers

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11
Q

Examples of class 2 drugs are …

A

Metroprolol, propranolol

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12
Q

What are the clinical uses of class 2 drugs?

A
  • Tachycardia caused by sympathetic activation
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia
  • Reduces sudden arrhythmic death post-MI
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13
Q

What are class 3 drugs?

A

Potassium channel blockers

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14
Q

Examples of class 3 drugs are …

A

Amiodarone

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15
Q

What are the clinical uses of Amiodarone?

A
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16
Q

What are the adverse effects of amiodarone?

A

Symptomatic bradycardia and heart block

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17
Q

What are class 4 drugs?

A

Non-DHP calcium channel blockers

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18
Q

Examples of class 4 drugs are …

A

Verapamil, Diltiazem

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19
Q

What are the clinical uses of Verapamil?

A
  • Supraventricular tachycardia
  • hypertension
  • angina
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20
Q

What are the adverse effects of verapamil?

A

hypotension

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21
Q

Which group of patients are contra indicated for verapamil?

A

Patients with preexisting depressed cardiac function

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22
Q

What medication is used in emergency situation for supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Adenosine

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23
Q

What is the MOA of Adenosine

A
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24
Q

What are the adverse effects of adenosine

A
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25
Q

What are the concequences of hypertension?

A
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26
Q

What are the examples of ACE-I?

A

Lisinopril, captopril, Enalapril

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27
Q

What happens to the amt of Ang I when ACE-I are used?

A

Increases

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28
Q

What happens to the amt of Ang I and II when renin inhibitors are used?

A

decreases

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29
Q

What are the adverse effects of ACE-I?

A
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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Which group of patients are contraindicated for ACE-I?

A

Pregnant women

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32
Q

Examples of Ang II type 1 receptor blockers are …

A

Valsartan, Losartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Telmisartan

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33
Q

What are the adverse effects of Ang II type 1 blockers

A

Less/ no dry cough

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34
Q

What is the MOA Ang II type 1 blockers?

A
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35
Q

Which group of patients are contraindicated for Ang II type 1 blockers

A

Pregnant women

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36
Q

Which group of patients are contraindicated for beta blockers?

A

Patients with asthma

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37
Q

Which beta blockers are approved for heart failure?

A
  1. Carvedilol
  2. Bisoprolol
  3. Metoprolol XL
  4. Nebivolol
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38
Q

What are the clinical uses for beta blockers

A
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39
Q

What are the adverse effects of beta blockers?

A
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40
Q

What is the MOA of Thiazides?

A
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41
Q

Examples of Thiazides are…

A

Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide

42
Q

What are the clinical uses of thiazides?

43
Q

What are the adverse effects of thiazides

44
Q

What is the MOA for alpha adrenergic antagonist?

45
Q

What are the side effects for alpha adrenergic antagonist?

46
Q

Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are …

A

Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, Simvastatin

47
Q

What are the clinical uses of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

48
Q

What is the Pk of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

A

Taken in the evening, oral first-pass extraction

49
Q

What are the adverse effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

50
Q

Which group of patients are contraindicated for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?

A

pregnancy, nursing mums, children and teens (Affects neurodevelopment)

51
Q

What are examples of PCSK9 drugs?

A

Evolocumab, Alirocumab

52
Q

What is the MOA of Asprin?

53
Q

What is the PK of Asprin?

A

Asprin irreversibly binds to platelets

54
Q

What are the clinical uses of Asprin?

A
  1. Prophylactic treatment of transient cerebral ischemia
  2. Reduce the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction
  3. To decrease mortality in postmyocardial infarction patients
55
Q

What are the adverse effects of asprin?

A
  • Bleeding (PGI2)
  • Gastric upset and ulcers (PGE2)
56
Q

Which drugs block GP IIB/IIIA receptors?

A

Abciximab, Eptifibatide, Tirofiban

56
Q

What is the clinical use for drugs that block GP IIB/IIIA receptors

A

Prevents restenosis after coronary angioplasty and are used in acute coronary syndromes

57
Q

What is the MOA of Abciximab?

A

Reversably inhibit the binding of fibrinogen and other ligands to GPIIB/IIIA

58
Q

What is the MOA of Tirofiban?

A

A small molecule blocker of GPIIB/IIIA receptor.

59
Q

What is the MOA of Eptifibatide?

A

An analog of fibrinogen (modified carboxyl end) which binds to the receptor

60
Q

Which drugs are ADP receptor blockers for platelet aggregation?

A

Clopidogrel, ticlopidine

61
Q

Which drug inhibits PDE to convert more cAMP to 5’-AMP

A

Dipyridamole

62
Q

Which clotting factors can be inhibited by heparin

63
Q

What are the clinical uses of heparin

64
Q

Why is heparin given IV or subcutaneously

A

IM can cause haematomas

65
Q

What are the adverse effects of heparin?

A
  1. Haemorrhage
  2. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia
66
Q

What treatment is given for heparin overdose?

A

Protamin sulfate

67
Q

What is the MOA of warfarin?

A

It binds to Vit K reductase and prevents the oxi form of Vit K to be reduced

68
Q

What are the clinical use of Vit K?

69
Q

Which group of patients are contraindicated for warfarin?

A

Pregnant women

70
Q

What is the PK of warfarin?

71
Q

Which drugs cause DDI with warfarin?

72
Q

What are the 4 thrombolytic agents?

73
Q

What is the MOA of thrombolytic agents

74
Q

What are the clinical uses of thrombolytic agents

A
  1. Emergency treatment of coronary artery thrombosis
  2. Peripheral arterial thrombosis and emboli
  3. Ischaemic stroke (<4.5hr window)
75
Q

What is the means of administering thrombolytic agents?

A

Intracoronary injection, intravenous injection

76
Q

Contraindications for thrombolytic agents are …

A

Healing wounds, pregnancy

77
Q

What are the adverse effects of thrombolytic agents?

78
Q

IDK how to ask

79
Q

What is the MOA of loop diuretics

80
Q

Examples of loop diuretic drugs

A

Furosemide, Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid

81
Q

What is the pk for loop diuretics

82
Q

What are clinical uses of loop diuretics

83
Q

What are the side effects of loop diuretics

84
Q

What is the MOA of potassium-sparing diuretics

85
Q

Examples of potassium-sparing diuretics drugs are…

A

Spironolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride, Epierenone

86
Q

What is the pk for potassium-sparing diuretics

87
Q

What are the side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics

88
Q

What are the clinical uses of potassium-sparing diuretics

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Hyperaldosteronism
89
Q

What is the MOA of hydralazine

90
Q

What are the clinical uses of hydralazine?

91
Q

What is the pk of hydralazine?

92
Q

What are adverse effects of hydralazine

93
Q

What is the contraindicated group of hydralazine

94
Q

What are the 3 parameters to compare digoxin and digitoxin

A

Protein binding, onset of action, half-life

95
Q

compare pK of digoxin and digitoxin

96
Q

What is the MOA of digitalis?

97
Q

What are the clinical uses of digitalis

A
  1. Systolic dysfunction
  2. Atrial fibrillation
98
Q

What are the adverse effects of digitalis

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