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CVS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

Mediastinum & Pericardium, cardiovascular anatomy

1
Q

________ mediastinum is above the ________

A

superior, sternal angle

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2
Q

What layer is the outermost layer pericardium?

A

Fibrous layer

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3
Q

What layer is the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of serous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer, visceral layer

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5
Q

Which organ is close to the oblique sinus of pericardium

A

oesophagus

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6
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

When excess fluid builds up in the space ard the heart

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7
Q

What is the attachment point of pericardium and diaphram?

A

Pericardiophrenic ligament

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8
Q

What is the nerve which is a branch of vagus nerve, loops under arch of aorta?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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8
Q

which nerve forms the oesophageal plexus

A

right vagus nerve

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9
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?

A

Sternocostal surface, Pulmonary surface (L), diaphragmatic surface,

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10
Q

What are the 4 borders of the heart?

A

Right border, left border, inferior border, superior border

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11
Q

Right border is mostly formed by _________

A

right atrium

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12
Q

inferior border is mostly formed by _________

A

right ventricle and partly left ventricle

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13
Q

Left border is mostly formed by _________

A

left ventricle and partly left atrium

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14
Q

superior border is mostly formed by _________

A

root of great vessels (SVC, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk)

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15
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

right and left coronary artery

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16
Q

What does the left anterior descending coronary artery supply to?

A
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17
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply to?

A
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18
Q

What are the veins in the heart

A
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19
Q

What is this part called?

A

Fossa Ovalis

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20
Q

What are these muscles called?

A

Pectinate muscle

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21
Q

What is the name of the ridge between the smooth and rough part of the pectinate muscle?

A

Crista Terminalis

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22
Q

What structure is between Thoracic aorta and azygos vein?

A

Thoracic duct

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23
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphram

A

Phrenic nerve

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24
Q

Vagus nerve is ________ to the root of the lung

A

posterior

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25
Q

The artery that supplies the _________ determines the coronary dominance

A

Posterior descending artery

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26
Q

What is right dominant

A

Posterior descending artery arises from right coronary

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27
Q

What is left dominant

A

Posterior descending artery arises from left circumflex via left coronary

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28
Q

Where is AV node located

A

above the opening of the coronary sinus

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29
Q

How many valves are there in the right ventricle

A

3

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30
Q

By how many times is the left intraventricular pressure more than the right intraventricular pressure

A

6 times

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31
Q

By how many times is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right ventricular wall

A

3 times

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32
Q

Esophagus crosses the diaphram at T__ level

A

10

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33
Q

Thoracic aorta crosses the diaphram at T__ level

A

12

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34
Q

What does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

Pericardium, heart, root of great vessels

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35
Q

Which parts of the mediastinum are occupied by the thymus

A

Superior mediastinum & upper part of the anterior mediastinum

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36
Q

Describe fibrous pericardium

A

tough and inelastic

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37
Q

Describe the pericardium

A
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38
Q

Which layers of the pericardium are innervated with phrenic nerves

A

fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium

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39
Q

What is the sinus behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk but in front of the SVC

A

Transverse sinus

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40
Q

What sinus is between SVC, IVC, left and right pulmonary vein

A

Oblique pericardial sinus

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41
Q

Esophagus continues from the pharynx at C__ vertebra

A

C6

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41
Q

What is the position of the esophagus compared to the trachea and aorta at the level of the sternal angle?

A

It is crossed by the aortic arch on the left, arch of azygos vein on the right & the left bronchus in front

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42
Q

What are the 4 parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta, abdominal aorta

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43
Q

The branches of descending aorta are …

A

Posterior IC artery, esophageal, bronchial, pericardial, subcostal and mediastinal

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44
Q

Where does the thoracic duct originate from?

A

cisterna chyli

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45
Q

Where does the thoracic duct lie in the posterior mediastinum?

A

between descending aorta and azygos vein

46
Q

At the level of _____ vertebrae, the thoracic duct crosses to the left and posterior to the esophagus and ascends into the superior mediastinum

A

T4/T5

47
Q

Which lymph duct drains the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and right side of the thorax?

A

Right lymphatic duct

48
Q

This is the auscultation position for ________

A

Aortic valve

49
Q

This is the auscultation position for ________

A

pulmonary valve

50
Q

This is the auscultation position for ________

A

Tricuspid valve

51
Q

This is the auscultation position for ________

A

Mitral valve

52
Q

Name the 4 walls of the heart

A

Septal, anterior, lateral and inferior

53
Q

What is the blood vessel attached to the right atrium

A

SVC

54
Q

What is the base of the heart mainly formed by?

A

Mostly left atrium and partly right atrium

55
Q

What are the ECG leads for anterior wall

A

V3-V4

56
Q

What are the ECG leads for septal wall

A

V1-V2

57
Q

What are the ECG leads for Inferior wall

A

LII, LIII, aVF

58
Q

What are the ECG leads for lateral wall

A

V5, V6, LI, aVL

59
Q

What cells are part of the lymph

A

lymphocytes and granulocytes

60
Q

Unlike blood vessels, lymphatic vessels only carry fluid ____ the tissue

A

away from

61
Q

3 primary functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. Balance the volume of interstitial fluid
  2. Immune surveillance
  3. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and fatty substances
62
Q

What type of lymph nodes are these?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

63
Q

What is the mechanism of lymph flow

A
64
Q

What happens to the lymphatic capillaries when intersitial fluid pressure increases?

A

Endothelium cells open up

65
Q

Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries

A

Tiny, thin walled that originate within the extracellular space of various tissues

66
Q

Why does lymphatic capillaries have greater permeability than blood capillaries?

A
  1. Endothelial cell cytoplasm is very thin
  2. Lack of basement membrane
  3. no pericytes (smooth muscle)
67
Q

In which tissues are lymph capillaries absent?

A
68
Q

What are the differences between lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic vessels?

A
69
Q

Where does the thoracic duct terminate?

A

At the junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein in the neck

70
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A
71
Q

What heart sound is produced when the AV valves close at the start of ventricular systole?

A

Lubb

72
Q

What heart sound is produced when the semilunar valve closes at the beginning of ventricular diastole

A

Dupp

73
Q

Where is SA node located

A

upper end of the crista terminalis

74
Q

What is atrial septal defect

A

Incomplete closure of the foramen ovale

75
Q

What are the internal features of right ventricle

A
76
Q

What condition causes valve to get narrow due to inflammation?

A

Stenosis

77
Q

What is the blood supply of the heart?

A

Arterial and venous drainage

78
Q

Where does the left anterior descending artery supply blood to in the heart

A

RV, LV, 2/3 interventricular septum, AV bundle

79
Q

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to in the heart

A

RV, RA, SA and AV node. Marginal - RV

80
Q

Where does the posterior descending artery (PDA) supply blood to in the heart

A

1/3 interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles

81
Q

Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A

GREAT CARDIAC VEIN, middle and small cardiac vein, posterolateral cardiac vein

82
Q

Which vein directly drains into the right atrium?

A

Anterior cardiac vein

83
Q

What are the branches of arch of aorta

A
84
Q

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A
85
Q

What is cranial nerve 10

A

vagus nerve

86
Q

Is left or right recurrent laryngeal nerve in the superior mediastinum?

A

Left. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve in above the 1st rib

87
Q

What is the remnant of ductus arteriosus?

A

Ligament arteriosum

88
Q

Which node is a cardiac pacemaker?

A

SA node

89
Q

Label these parts

A
90
Q

The posterior wall of the heart is supplied by …

A

right coronary artery

91
Q

The inferior wall of the heart is supplied by …

A

right coronary artery

92
Q

The septal wall of the heart is supplied by …

A

Left anterior descending artery

93
Q

The lateral wall of the heart is supplied by …

A

circumflex artery

94
Q

By week three of development, ______derm in the region of what will become the cardiogenic field begins differentiating into a heart tube and pericardial cavity.

A

mesoderm

95
Q

Blood islands appear near the cranial region of the embryo and unite to form an ______

A

endocardial tube

96
Q

What is the process of forming new blood cells and vessels?

A

Vasculogenesis

97
Q

What are the primitive parts of the heart tube

A
98
Q

What are the major embryonic veins?

A

Cardinal, umbilical, vitelline

99
Q

What causes purkinje fibers to conduct fast?

A

Gap junctions

100
Q

parasympathetic nervous system (Vagus nerve) innervates …

A

SA node and AV node

101
Q

Sympathetic nervous system innervates…

A

the whole heart including the nodes

102
Q

What are the 3 layers of the artery?

A
103
Q

Describe what is present in Tunica intima?

A

Endothelium, Connective tissue

104
Q

Describe what is present in Tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle, Elastic collagen fibers

105
Q

Describe what is present in tunica adventitia?

A

Connective tissue (mainly collagen fibers, with blood vessels, nerves and fat cells

106
Q

Describe the endothelium

A
107
Q

Which embryonic layer is the endothelium derived from?

A

Mesoderm

108
Q

Which embryonic layer is the epithelial tissue derived from?

A

endoderm

109
Q

What is this?

A
110
Q

Describe the histological features of epicardium

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
  • Thin layer of connective tissue which contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, nerve cells and adipose tissues
111
Q

Describe the myocardium

A
112
Q

Describe the endocardium

A
113
Q

Describe the characteristics of purkinje fibers

A
114
Q

How can the autonomic nervous system control heart rate?

A

Sympathetic: NE
Parasympathetic: ACh

CVS (5 decks)

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