Anatomy Flashcards
Mediastinum & Pericardium, cardiovascular anatomy
________ mediastinum is above the ________
superior, sternal angle
What layer is the outermost layer pericardium?
Fibrous layer
What layer is the inner layer of the pericardium?
Serous pericardium
What are the 2 layers of serous pericardium?
Parietal layer, visceral layer
Which organ is close to the oblique sinus of pericardium
oesophagus
What is cardiac tamponade?
When excess fluid builds up in the space ard the heart
What is the attachment point of pericardium and diaphram?
Pericardiophrenic ligament
What is the nerve which is a branch of vagus nerve, loops under arch of aorta?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
which nerve forms the oesophageal plexus
right vagus nerve
What are the 3 surfaces of the heart?
Sternocostal surface, Pulmonary surface (L), diaphragmatic surface,
What are the 4 borders of the heart?
Right border, left border, inferior border, superior border
Right border is mostly formed by _________
right atrium
inferior border is mostly formed by _________
right ventricle and partly left ventricle
Left border is mostly formed by _________
left ventricle and partly left atrium
superior border is mostly formed by _________
root of great vessels (SVC, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk)
What supplies blood to the heart?
right and left coronary artery
What does the left anterior descending coronary artery supply to?
What does the right coronary artery supply to?
What are the veins in the heart
What is this part called?
Fossa Ovalis
What are these muscles called?
Pectinate muscle
What is the name of the ridge between the smooth and rough part of the pectinate muscle?
Crista Terminalis
What structure is between Thoracic aorta and azygos vein?
Thoracic duct
Which nerve innervates the diaphram
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve is ________ to the root of the lung
posterior
The artery that supplies the _________ determines the coronary dominance
Posterior descending artery
What is right dominant
Posterior descending artery arises from right coronary
What is left dominant
Posterior descending artery arises from left circumflex via left coronary
Where is AV node located
above the opening of the coronary sinus
How many valves are there in the right ventricle
3
By how many times is the left intraventricular pressure more than the right intraventricular pressure
6 times
By how many times is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right ventricular wall
3 times
Esophagus crosses the diaphram at T__ level
10
Thoracic aorta crosses the diaphram at T__ level
12
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
Pericardium, heart, root of great vessels
Which parts of the mediastinum are occupied by the thymus
Superior mediastinum & upper part of the anterior mediastinum
Describe fibrous pericardium
tough and inelastic
Describe the pericardium
Which layers of the pericardium are innervated with phrenic nerves
fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
What is the sinus behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk but in front of the SVC
Transverse sinus
What sinus is between SVC, IVC, left and right pulmonary vein
Oblique pericardial sinus
Esophagus continues from the pharynx at C__ vertebra
C6
What is the position of the esophagus compared to the trachea and aorta at the level of the sternal angle?
It is crossed by the aortic arch on the left, arch of azygos vein on the right & the left bronchus in front
What are the 4 parts of the aorta?
Ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta, abdominal aorta
The branches of descending aorta are …
Posterior IC artery, esophageal, bronchial, pericardial, subcostal and mediastinal
Where does the thoracic duct originate from?
cisterna chyli
Where does the thoracic duct lie in the posterior mediastinum?
between descending aorta and azygos vein
At the level of _____ vertebrae, the thoracic duct crosses to the left and posterior to the esophagus and ascends into the superior mediastinum
T4/T5
Which lymph duct drains the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and right side of the thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
This is the auscultation position for ________
Aortic valve
This is the auscultation position for ________
pulmonary valve
This is the auscultation position for ________
Tricuspid valve
This is the auscultation position for ________
Mitral valve
Name the 4 walls of the heart
Septal, anterior, lateral and inferior
What is the blood vessel attached to the right atrium
SVC
What is the base of the heart mainly formed by?
Mostly left atrium and partly right atrium
What are the ECG leads for anterior wall
V3-V4
What are the ECG leads for septal wall
V1-V2
What are the ECG leads for Inferior wall
LII, LIII, aVF
What are the ECG leads for lateral wall
V5, V6, LI, aVL
What cells are part of the lymph
lymphocytes and granulocytes
Unlike blood vessels, lymphatic vessels only carry fluid ____ the tissue
away from
3 primary functions of lymphatic system
- Balance the volume of interstitial fluid
- Immune surveillance
- Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and fatty substances
What type of lymph nodes are these?
Axillary lymph nodes
What is the mechanism of lymph flow
What happens to the lymphatic capillaries when intersitial fluid pressure increases?
Endothelium cells open up
Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries
Tiny, thin walled that originate within the extracellular space of various tissues
Why does lymphatic capillaries have greater permeability than blood capillaries?
- Endothelial cell cytoplasm is very thin
- Lack of basement membrane
- no pericytes (smooth muscle)
In which tissues are lymph capillaries absent?
What are the differences between lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic vessels?
Where does the thoracic duct terminate?
At the junction of left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein in the neck
What causes lymphedema?
What heart sound is produced when the AV valves close at the start of ventricular systole?
Lubb
What heart sound is produced when the semilunar valve closes at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Dupp
Where is SA node located
upper end of the crista terminalis
What is atrial septal defect
Incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
What are the internal features of right ventricle
What condition causes valve to get narrow due to inflammation?
Stenosis
What is the blood supply of the heart?
Arterial and venous drainage
Where does the left anterior descending artery supply blood to in the heart
RV, LV, 2/3 interventricular septum, AV bundle
Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to in the heart
RV, RA, SA and AV node. Marginal - RV
Where does the posterior descending artery (PDA) supply blood to in the heart
1/3 interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles
Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?
GREAT CARDIAC VEIN, middle and small cardiac vein, posterolateral cardiac vein
Which vein directly drains into the right atrium?
Anterior cardiac vein
What are the branches of arch of aorta
What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?
What is cranial nerve 10
vagus nerve
Is left or right recurrent laryngeal nerve in the superior mediastinum?
Left. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve in above the 1st rib
What is the remnant of ductus arteriosus?
Ligament arteriosum
Which node is a cardiac pacemaker?
SA node
Label these parts
The posterior wall of the heart is supplied by …
right coronary artery
The inferior wall of the heart is supplied by …
right coronary artery
The septal wall of the heart is supplied by …
Left anterior descending artery
The lateral wall of the heart is supplied by …
circumflex artery
By week three of development, ______derm in the region of what will become the cardiogenic field begins differentiating into a heart tube and pericardial cavity.
mesoderm
Blood islands appear near the cranial region of the embryo and unite to form an ______
endocardial tube
What is the process of forming new blood cells and vessels?
Vasculogenesis
What are the primitive parts of the heart tube
What are the major embryonic veins?
Cardinal, umbilical, vitelline
What causes purkinje fibers to conduct fast?
Gap junctions
parasympathetic nervous system (Vagus nerve) innervates …
SA node and AV node
Sympathetic nervous system innervates…
the whole heart including the nodes
What are the 3 layers of the artery?
Describe what is present in Tunica intima?
Endothelium, Connective tissue
Describe what is present in Tunica media?
Smooth muscle, Elastic collagen fibers
Describe what is present in tunica adventitia?
Connective tissue (mainly collagen fibers, with blood vessels, nerves and fat cells
Describe the endothelium
Which embryonic layer is the endothelium derived from?
Mesoderm
Which embryonic layer is the epithelial tissue derived from?
endoderm
What is this?
Describe the histological features of epicardium
- Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
- Thin layer of connective tissue which contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, nerve cells and adipose tissues
Describe the myocardium
Describe the endocardium
Describe the characteristics of purkinje fibers
How can the autonomic nervous system control heart rate?
Sympathetic: NE
Parasympathetic: ACh
