Pathology Flashcards
What is stenosis?
failure of valve to open completely
What is insufficiency or regurgitation
Failure of valve to close completely
What are causes for stenosis
What are the causes of insufficiency?
Why is mitral valve prolapse associated with Marfan syndrome?
Fibrillin-1
Describe mitral valve prolapse?
Ballooning of the valvular cusps and Myxoid (jelly-like substance) degeneration of valve leaflets
What is the cause of rheumatic fever?
Abnormal immune response to grp A strep pharyngitis
What is the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever?
Immune response to strep antigens crossreact with host proteins
How to diagnose rheumatic fever?
JONES criteria
What is the term for inflammation of all 3 layers of the heart due to acute rheumatic heart disease
Pancarditis
What is in Aschoff bodies?
- T cells
- Plasma cells
- Aschoff giant cells
- Activated macrophage (caterpillar cell/ Anitschkow cell)
Which valves are mostly affected in rheumatic heart disease
Mitral valve
What factors are considered to determine if infective endocarditis is acute or subacute
What is infective endocarditis
How is infective endocarditis diagnosed
Duke criteria
Common ways to get infective endocarditis are …
IV drug addicts, open heart surgery, septicaemia
What are the organisms involved in infective endocarditis?
What can predispose to infective endocarditis?
What are complications of infective endocarditis?
Which group of patients get Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Cancer/ sepsis
What can be seen in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Small, non-infective, platelet-rich vegetation of heart valves
What are the complications of heart valvular disease?
What is pus in the pericardial sac called?
Purulent pericarditis
What are the causes of pericarditis?
What are the pathological subtypes for pericarditis?
What are the severities of fibrosis for chronic healed pericarditis?
Adhesive pericarditis, adhesive mediastino pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis
What are examples of congenital heart disease that present as acyanotic
What is the most common example of congenital heart disease that present as cynotic
Tetralogy of fallot
Describe Eisenmenger syndrome
Describe the 4 features of tetralogy of fallot
What are the complications of congenital heart disease?
Describe the mechanism for increase in metabolic demand of cardiac muscles.
Describe the mechanism for decrease in metabolic demand of cardiac muscles.
What are the host factors that contribute to development of disease?
What are the likely cause of secondary bacteremia?
What are the risk factors of bacteremia
Describe the media used to diagnose bacteria
It is a rich media with added compounds to stop the coagulation, inactivate complement and inactivate antibiotics
True or false: Timing of blood culture is impt
False
How much blood must be obtained from adults before antimicrobial therapy?
2 sets, 8-10ml
What can affect culture results?
What are short term complications of MI?
What are long term complications of MI?
Describe morphological changes that happens to the heart after MI
What is the threshold for bradycardia and tachycardia?
What are the causes of bradycardia?
What condition is this?
1st degree AV block
What condition is this?
2nd degree AV block
What condition is this?
3rd degree AV block
What condition is this
Atrial flutter
What condition is this?
Atrial fibrillation
What condition is this?
Ventricular fibrilation
Define aortic aneurysm
It is a localized, abnormal dilatation of the aorta due to a weakened vessel wall.
State 3 possible complications of aortic aneurysm
- Pressure on surrounding structures. For example, abdominal aortic aneurysm can impinge on ureter or erode vertebrae, while thoracic aortic aneurysm can impinge on lungs, esophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerves, erode ribs and vertebrae.
- Thromboembolism can occur due to the disruption of laminar flow within the aneurysm.
- Rupture with hemorrhage. For example, rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm can lead to bleeding into retroperitoneum or peritoneal cavity.
Define atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the degenerative and inflammatory disease, affecting large and medium-sized arteries, causing thickening and loss of elasticity. There are lesions in the tunica intima called atheroma.
What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis
Hyperlipidaemia, Diabetes and Cigarette smoking, hypertension
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis
Age, male, family history, genetics
What is atheroma?
A plaque consisting of a raised lesion with a soft, yellow core of lipid covered by a white fibrous cap
