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pharmaceutical chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

focuses on quality aspects of medicines and aims to ensure fitness for the purpose of medicinal products

A

pharmaceutical chemistry

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2
Q

the study of drugs, and involves drug development; usually done in a laboratory setting

A

pharmaceutical chemistry

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3
Q

involves cures and remedies for disease, analytical techniques, pharmacology, metabolism, quality assurance, and drug chemistry

A

pharmaceutical chemistry

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4
Q

same atoms but linked together differently

A

constitutional isomers

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5
Q

constitutional isomers are also known as

A

geometrical isomers

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6
Q

isomers in which the atoms have different connectivity

A

constitutional isomers

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7
Q

isomers with different carbon atom arrangements and different hydrogen atom arrangements

A

skeletal isomers

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8
Q

isomers that differ in the location of the functional group

A

positional isomers

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9
Q

isomers that contain different functional groups

A

functional group isomers

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10
Q

this is positioning the different functional groups in their sites of action

A

stereochemistry

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11
Q

3 main groups of stereoisomers

A
  1. optical isomer
  2. geometric isomers
  3. conformational isomers
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12
Q

contain at least one asymmetric, or chiral, carbon atom

A

optical isomers

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13
Q

carbons that have four non-identical substituents around it

A

chiral

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

each asymmetric carbon atom can exist in one of two non-superimposable isomeric forms

A

true

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15
Q

optical isomers that are mirror images of one another

A

enantiomers

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16
Q

have identical physical and chemical properties except that one rotates the plane of polarized light

A

enantiomers

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17
Q

clockwise direction

A

dextrorotatory (d/+)

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18
Q

counterclockwise

A

levorotatory (l/-)

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19
Q

equal mixture of d and l enantiomers

A

racemic mixture

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

racemic mixtures are considered optically active

A

false

they are optically inactive

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21
Q

used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers

A

D and L system

(( Fischer Projection Formulas ))

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

enantiomers are optically active

A

true

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23
Q

chiral compound that rotates light towards the right

A

dextrorotatory

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24
Q

chiral compound that rotates light towards left

A

levorotatory

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

there is no correlation between D, L, and +, -

A

true

26
Q

in D and L you need to look at the _____

A

structure

27
Q

+ and - are determined by using a ____

A

polarimeter

28
Q

enantiomers can have large differences in:

A
  • potency
  • receptor fit
  • biological activity
  • transport
  • metabolism

result when the drug molecule has an asymmetric interaction

29
Q

neither mirror images nor superimposable

A

diastereomers

30
Q

drugs must have at least two chiral centers in order to exist in diastereomers

A

diastereomers

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

diastereomers have some stereochemical centers that are identical and some that are opposite

A

true

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

diastereomers

A

possess different physicochemical properties and, thus, differ in properties, such as solubility, volatility, and melting points

33
Q

a special type of diastereomers because all epimers are also diastereomers

A

epimers

34
Q

compounds that are structurally identical in all respects except for the stereochemistry of one chiral center

A

epimers

35
Q

the process of ____ (in which the stereochemistry of one chiral center is inverted) is important in drug degradation and inactivation

A

epimerization

36
Q

occurs due to restricted rotation of double bonds based on the longest chain (not mirror images and have different physicochemical properties and pharmacologic activity)

A

geometric isomer

37
Q

based on a set of priority rules about the relative position of the two higher-priority groups

based on cahn ingold prelog rules

A

E and Z nomenclature

38
Q

alkene on the same side

A

Z

German: zusammen = together

39
Q

alkene on opposite sides

A

E

German: entgegen = opposite

40
Q

“boat” and “chair” forms

A

conformational isomers

41
Q

non-superimposable orientations of a molecule which result from the rotation of atoms about single bonds

A

conformational isomers

42
Q

provide a more exact representation of the three-dimensional conformation of sugars in nature

A

conformational isomers

43
Q

functional groups that are interchangeable with minimal impact on the activity of a molecule

based on the size of functional group

A

isosteres

44
Q

isosteric replacement of functional groups can:

A
  1. increase potency
  2. decrease side effects
  3. separate biologic activities
  4. increase the duration of action by altering metabolism
45
Q

containing groups that are spatially and electronically equivalent and, thus, interchangeable without significantly altering the molecules’ physicochemical properties

A

bioisosteres

46
Q

3 types of isosteres

A
  1. interchangable univalent groups
  2. interchangable divalent groups
  3. interchangable ring groups
47
Q

groups are interchangeable based on similar charge and hydrogen bonding (and not the size)

A

bioisosteres

48
Q

give example of an bioisosteres

A

procainamide

49
Q

this has a longer duration of action than procaine because of the isosteric replacement of the ester oxygen with a nitrogen atom

A

procainamide

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

procainamide is an amide

A

true

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

procaine is an ether

A

false

it is an ester

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

isosteric analogs may act antagonistically to the parent molecule

A

true

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

alloxanthine is an isostere of xanthine

A

true

54
Q

substrates where a drug interacts with

A
  • receptor
  • transport protein
  • metabolizing enzyme
  • molecules
55
Q

have the same molecular formula but differs in molecular structure

A

constitutional isomers

aka structural isomers

56
Q

same molecular formula but differs in the molecular arrangement

A

stereoisomers

aka spatial isomers

57
Q

similar substituents found in opposite/different sides

A

“trans-“

geometric isomer

58
Q

two identical substituents found in the same side

A

“cis-“

geometric isomer

59
Q

where does E and Z nomenclature based of?

A

cahn ingold prelog rules

60
Q

what is alloxanthine?

A
  • inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
  • isostere of xanthine
61
Q
A

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