history of med chem Flashcards by jo shibiwol

ch’ang shang, ma huang

Shen Nung

2735 BC

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who discovered the chaulmoogra fruit?

used for skin problems

American Indians

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where does ipecacuanha root originated?

Brazil

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uses of ipecacuanha root/ipecac syrup

dysentery
amoebiasis

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who is the first one to claim that chemicals could cure diseases?

Paracelsus

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1805

morphine extracted from poppy by Serturner

not widely recognized until 1817

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Samuel
Hahneman

publised Organon der rationellen Heilkunde with his unproven principle similia similibus curantur (like cures like, homeopathy)

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whose theory does Samuel Hahneman opposed on his principle “like cures like”?

Galen’s

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Pierre-Pelletier

isolation of emetine from ipecacuanha

1816

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1820

purification of caffeine, quinine, and colchicine

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quinine is used for

malaria

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colchicine is used for

acute gout

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1826

mass production of pharmaceutical natural product – Pelletier’s factory processed cinchona bark to produce quinine sulfate

150,000 kg bark = 3,600 kg quinine sulfate

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Adolph Kolbe

synthesis of acetic acid

1845

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John Langley

formulated concept of a biological receptor

a British pharmacologist, 1878

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1886

first alkaloid synthesis of coniine

by Hemlock

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Ehrlich

described sidechain theory

germicidal capability, disease-causing organisms

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1898

first mass-production of synthetic drug, aspirin

courtesy to Bayer

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a single most important breakthrough in psychiatric treatment

discovery of chlorpromazine

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first dibenzazepine (tricyclic) antidepressant

imipramine

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first commercially successful SSRI

with a budget of $1 billion

fluoxetine

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first pure hormone to be isolated

epinephrine

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Henry Dale

discovered oxytocin

1904

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Edward Kendall

isolated thyroxine from the thyroid gland

1914

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Frederick Banting and Charles Best

discovered **insulin** | 1921

first genetically engineered drug approved by US FDA

humulin | by **Eli Lilly**

first insulin for type 1 diabetes

symlin | 2005

when did the first inhaled insulin made?

2006

Russell Marker

convert **diosgenin to progesterone** (acid labile) | 1930

Carl Djerassi

synthesized **norethindrone**, the first orally active contraceptive steroid | with a brand name **Norminest**, 1950

John Rock

progesterone + norethindrone | 1956

1980

invention of **mifepristone** | an abortion pill

1994

mifepristone + misoprostol | aka "morning after pill" or "plan B"

**levonorgestrel** is known as

emergcency contraceptive

Horace Wells

a dentist who administered **nitrous oxide** during tooth extraction | also called as the "laughing gas" - no longer used

Crawford Long

used **ether** as an anesthetic agent

William Morton

gave the first successful public demonstration of **surgical anesthesia** | 1846

chloroform

used as an anesthetic agent at **St. Bartholomew’s Hospital**

# TRUE OR FALSE laudanum induces sleep

true

Adolph Von Beyer

synthesized 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (barbital) | 1864

who introduced phenobarbital? | innovator drug name: **luminal**

Bayer Pharmaceutical Company

modification of the ____ molecule led to the development of hydantoins

barbituric acid

Albert Niemann

isolated cocaine from *Erythroxylon coca* | 1860

Carl Koller | "Coca Koller"

first to use cocaine for topical anesthesia in ophthalmological surgery | found that cocaine can numb the tongue

Richard Willstater

determined the structure of cocaine and atropine

William Withering

discovered Digitalis purpurea was beneficial to those suffering from abnormal fluid buildup | 1775

E. Humolle and T. Quevenne

isolated digitoxin | 1841

Sydney Smith

isolated digoxin | 1929

Akira Endo

discovered the first anticholesterol drug | 1973

Merck

discovered a substance nearly identical to Endo’s and named it **lovastatin** | brand name: **mevacor**, 1987

what is the first FDA approved statin?

lovastatin

# TRUE OR FALSE sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustard were used for leukemia therapy during WW1

true

George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion

developed 6-mercaptopurine | the first effective leukemia drug

the gold standard against which new medicines are compared

cisplatin | 1893, inorganic

Moeroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani

discovered paclitaxel (taxol) -- from pacific yew tree (*Taxus brevifolia*) european yew tree (*Taxus baccata*) | 1963

the study of carbon-based medicinal

organic pharmaceutical chemistry

involves the identification, synthesis, and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use

medicinal chemistry

focused on quality aspects of medicines and aims to assure fitness for the purpose of medicinal products

pharmaceutical chemistry

includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their structural activity relationship (SAR) or quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)

organic pharmaceutical chemistry

a strategy of essential importance for chemistry and pharmacy, based on the idea that when we change the structure of a molecule then the activity or property of the substance will be modified

quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)