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EJJB Pharma > Pharma Topic List C > Flashcards

Pharma Topic List C Flashcards

1
Q

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics - Classes of Disinfectants

A
  1. alcohol, glycols (ethanole, isopropanol)
  2. Aldehydes
  3. Phenols and Derivatives (chlorhexidine)
  4. Acids
  5. Halogens and Halogen containing chemicals (poviodine iodine)
  6. Metals
  7. Detergents - Octenidin, invert soaps
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2
Q

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics - Drugs

A

ethanole
isopropylalcohol
chlorhexidine
povidone iodine
octenidin
H2O2
invert soaps

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3
Q

ethanole

A

Aliphatic alcohol (70%)
it dehydrates and denatures proteins
Bactericidal
Removes lipids from skin - skin disinfectant

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

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4
Q

isopropylalcohol

A

Aliphatic alcohol
more effective but more toxic than ethanole

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

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5
Q

chlorhexidine

A

Phenol - Biguanide derivative
component of creams and soaps - no tissue irritation
used to disinfect skin

MoA - absorbed into bacterial membrane causing leakage of cytoplasmic proteins

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

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6
Q

povidone iodine

A

Halogen
widely used as pre-op skin anti-septic

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

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7
Q

octenidin

A

halogen derivative
acts against Gram + and - bacteria
used as mucosal, skin antiseptic

CI - open wounds

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

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8
Q

H2O2

A

Oxidizing Agent
short-lived antimicrobial action via free radical release (catalase)
Bacteriostatic

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics

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9
Q

invert soaps

A

synthetic detergent

Cation active surfactant disinfectant

C.1 General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics - drugs

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10
Q

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

A

isoniazide
rifampin
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
streptomycine
kanamycine
cycloserine
dapson

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11
Q

isoniazide

A

PRODRUG – activated by bacteria’s catalase peroxidase. Targets the enzyme’s acyl carrier protein reductase and KatA which are essential for mycolic cell wall synthesis. Disrupts cell wall synthesis.

PO, IV – acylated in liver. Most impt TB drug.
TX – TB used as prophylaxis.

SE – neurotoxicity due to pyridoxine (vit b6) def, sideroblastic anemia, Drug Lupus, acute hemolysis in G6PD def patient.

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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12
Q

rifampin

A

bactericidal.
Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase – transcription inhibitor.

Resist – alteration of polymerase enzyme.

PO, enterohepatic recycling with partial hep met – excreted in feces.
Induces CYP450 (CYP3A4) – accelerates its own metabolism.

TX – TB, leprosy, in combo w vancomycin -MRSA, prophylaxis N. meningitids, H. influenzae, Staph.

SE – thrombocytopenic purpura, orange discoloration, ARF (renal failure).

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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13
Q

pyrazinamide

A

synthetic PRODRUG – disrupts E metabolism and cell membrane fn.

Bacteriostatic.
Res – mutation in gene encoding enzymes involved in drug activation. Synergistic effect with isoniazid and rifampin. If the TB stand is INH resistant can be used as replacement.

PO, partial hepatic met – eliminate in urine.

SE – non-gout polyarthralgia, hyperuricemia, hepatotoxicity, skin rash.

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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14
Q

ethambutol

A

Bacteriostatic – inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Resis – alteration of drug target.
PO, eliminated unchanged din urine.

SE - dose dependent visual disturbance, headache, confusion.

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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15
Q

streptomycin

A

aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitor – inhibits protein synthesis – 2nd line TB.
Parenteral – IM 2-3 w. NO BBB.

TX – miliary TB.

SE – nephrotoxic, ototoxic

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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16
Q

kanamycin

A

aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitor.

2nd line – only used when streptomycin resistant.
Used in combo regime

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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17
Q

cycloserine

A

inhibitor of cell wall synthesis – inhibits racemic alanine.

TX – TB resistant to 1st line drugs.

SE – severe CNS

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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18
Q

dapson

A

inhibitor of folic acid synthesis, bacteriostatic. PO with enterohepatic recycling.

TX – leprosy.
Alternate drug penumocysitis jirovecii pneumonia

C.2. Antimycobacterial drugs

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19
Q

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs.

A

chloroquine
mefloquine
quinine
lumefantrin
artemether
primaquine
metronidazole
atovaquon
proguanil
mebendazol
ivermectin
niclosamid

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20
Q

chloroquine

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Tx - Malaria - first line
heme polymerase inhibitor - Blood Schizonticidal

combined with primaquine to act on dormant hepatic form

po - rapidly absorbed; large distribution

High rate of resistance - esp P. falciparium

SE: low dose –> skin irritation, rash, headaches
high dose –> retinal damage, Auditory damage, QT prolongation

used as anti-inflammatory in rhumatoid arthritis, lupus

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21
Q

Chloroquine
Mechanism of Action

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Drug accumulates int he food vacoule (it becomes protonated and trapped) –> inhibits heme polymerization into hemozin - this forms a highly toxic heme-chloroquie complex –> lysis of membrane

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22
Q

mefloquine

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

heme polymerase inhibitor - Blood Schizonticidal

PO
tx and prophylaxis - Malaria

SE - Gi, bradycardia

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23
Q

quinine

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

heme polymerase inhibitor - Blood Schizonticidal
only used to tx P. falciparum

IV, IM, PO

SE: Cinnchoism, QT prolong, Blackwater fever

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24
Q

lumefantrin

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

tx- Blood Schizonticidal

combo with Artemether tx P. falciparium
NEVER USED ALONE

SE - QT prolong

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25
Q

artemether

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

folate synthesis inhibitor - Blood Schizonticidal

MoA: binds to heme and creates free radicals that damage parasitic proteins - effective against all species

Always combine with another anti-malaria in order to avoid resistance

CI - first trimester

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26
Q

primaquine

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

tx - Heaptic form = Hypnozoites
always given with blood schizonticide

PO
SE - drug-induced hemolytic anemia in G6PD def
methemoglobinemia

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27
Q

metronidazole

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

tx - Amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytics - Antiprotozoal

PO, IV, topical
CI - first trimester
tx - C. diff, H pylori, Lactobacillus, Trichamonas vaginalis, Giardia

SE: headache, stomach cramps
High Dose - causes Disulfiram like rxn - inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

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28
Q

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Metronidazole Mechanism of Action

A

MOA - non-toxic to human

utilizes bacteria/protozoan’s Ferredoxn enzyme - donates an electron to the metrnidazole creating a free radical that damages the DNA

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29
Q

atovaquon

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

inhibits mitochondrial function
combined with Proguanil - act syngeristically

tx - Extraerythrocytic Schizontocidial
prophylaxis in chloroquin resistance areas

can tx - pneumocystis jirovecii

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30
Q

proguanil

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Folate synthesis inhibitor
combined with Atovaquone - act syngeristically

tx - Extraerythrocytic Schizontocidial
prophylaxis in chloroquin resistance areas

can tx - pneumocystis jirovecii

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31
Q

mebendazol

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Anti-helminithic
inhibits the polymerization of beta tubulin of the microtubules
–> inhibition of furmarate-reductase and oxidative phosphorylation = paralysis

PO
tx - roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms

SE: TERATOGENIC

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32
Q

ivermectin

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Anti-helminithic
tx - roundworms

MoA - enhances GABA effects in the worms - paralysis

SE - mild - caused by the disintergration of the worms

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33
Q

niclosamid

A

C.3. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic

Anti-helminithic

tx - tapeworms

MoA - inhibits oxidative phosphorylation

SE - nausea, vomiting, alcohol forbidden for one day

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34
Q

C.4. Antifungal agents

A

clotrimazole
fluconazole
itraconazole
voriconazole
terbinafine
nystatin
amphothericin B
caspofungin
flucytosin

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35
Q

clotrimazole

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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36
Q

fluconazole

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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37
Q

itraconazole

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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38
Q

voriconazole

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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39
Q

terbinafine

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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40
Q

nystatin

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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41
Q

amphothericin B

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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42
Q

caspofungin

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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43
Q

flucytosin

A

C.4. Antifungal agents

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44
Q

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents - Drugs

A

aciclovir
valaciclovir
ganciclovir
valganciclovir
cidofovir
foscarnet
oseltamivir
ribavirin
palivizumab

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45
Q

aciclovir

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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46
Q

valaciclovir

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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47
Q

ganciclovir

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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48
Q

valganciclovir

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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49
Q

cidofovir

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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50
Q

foscarnet

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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51
Q

oseltamivir

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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52
Q

ribavirin

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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53
Q

palivizumab

A

C.5. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents

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54
Q

C.6. Antiretroviral agents. - Drugs

A

zidovudine
lamivudine
tenofovir
emtricitabine
abacavir
etravirine
darunavir
ritonavir
lopinavir
elvitegravir
maraviroc

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55
Q

zidovudine

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

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56
Q

lamivudine

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

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57
Q

tenofovir

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

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58
Q

emtricitabine

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

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59
Q

abacavir

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

60
Q

etravirine

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

61
Q

darunavir

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

62
Q

ritonavir

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

63
Q

lopinavir

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

64
Q

elvitegravir

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

65
Q

maraviroc

A

C.6. Antiretroviral agents

66
Q

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses - Drugs

A

interferon-alpha
entecavir
tenofovir
sofosbuvir
dasabuvir
paritaprevir
grazoprevir
velpatasvir
elbasvir

67
Q

interferon-alpha

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

68
Q

entecavir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

69
Q

tenofovir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

70
Q

sofosbuvir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

71
Q

dasabuvir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

72
Q

paritaprevir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

73
Q

grazoprevir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

74
Q

velpatasvir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

75
Q

elbasvir

A

C.7. Agents against hepatitis viruses

76
Q

C.8. Penicillins - Drugs

A

penicillin G
benzathin-penicillin
penicillin V
oxacillin
amoxicillin
ampicillin
piperacillin

77
Q

penicillin G

A

C.8. Penicillins

78
Q

benzathin-penicillin

A

C.8. Penicillins

79
Q

penicillin V

A

C.8. Penicillins

80
Q

oxacillin

A

C.8. Penicillins

81
Q

amoxicillin

A

C.8. Penicillins

82
Q

ampicillin

A

C.8. Penicillins

83
Q

piperacillin

A

C.8. Penicillins

84
Q

C.9. Cephalosporins - Drugs

A

cephalexin
cephazolin
cefuroxime (-axetil)
cefoxitine
cefixime
ceftriaxone
cefotaxime
ceftazidime
cefepime
ceftolozane+tazobactam
ceftarolinfosamil

85
Q

cephalexin

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

86
Q

cephazolin

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

87
Q

cefuroxime (-axetil)

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

88
Q

cefoxitine

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

89
Q

cefixime

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

90
Q

ceftriaxone

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

91
Q

cefotaxime

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

92
Q

ceftazidime

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

93
Q

cefepime

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

94
Q

ceftolozane+tazobactam

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

95
Q

ceftarolinfosamil

A

C.9. Cephalosporins

96
Q

C.10. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory
infections. - Drugs

A

imipenem
meropenem
clavulanate
tazobactam
vaborbactam

97
Q

imipenem

A

C.10. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory
infections

98
Q

meropenem

A

C.10. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory
infections

99
Q

clavulanate

A

C.10. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory
infections

100
Q

tazobactam

A

C.10. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory
infections

101
Q

vaborbactam

A

C.10. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy of respiratory
infections

102
Q

C.11. Chloramphenicol. Polymyxins. Antifolate drugs

A

chloramphenicol
colistin
sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim
proguanil

103
Q

chloramphenicol

A

C.11. Chloramphenicol. Polymyxins. Antifolate drugs

104
Q

colistin

A

C.11. Chloramphenicol. Polymyxins. Antifolate drugs

105
Q

sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim

A

C.11. Chloramphenicol. Polymyxins. Antifolate drugs

106
Q

proguanil

A

C.11. Chloramphenicol. Polymyxins. Antifolate drugs

107
Q

C.12. Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines - Drugs

A

doxycycline
tigecycline

108
Q

doxycycline

A

C.12. Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines

109
Q

tigecycline

A

C.12. Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines

110
Q

C.13. Aminoglycosides - Drugs

A

gentamicin
tobramycin
netilmicin
amikacin
streptomycin
kanamycin
neomycin

111
Q

gentamicin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

112
Q

tobramycin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

113
Q

netilmicin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

114
Q

amikacin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

115
Q

streptomycin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

116
Q

kanamycin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

117
Q

neomycin

A

C.13. Aminoglycosides

118
Q

C.14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones - Drugs

A

norfloxacin
ciprofloxacin
ofloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin

119
Q

norfloxacin

A

C.14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

120
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

C.14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

121
Q

ofloxacin

A

C.14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

122
Q

levofloxacin

A

C.14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

123
Q

moxifloxacin

A

C.14. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

124
Q

C.15. Macrolides. Ketolides - Drugs

A

clarithromycin
roxithromycin
azithromycin
telithromycin

125
Q

clarithromycin

A

C.15. Macrolides. Ketolides

126
Q

roxithromycin

A

C.15. Macrolides. Ketolides

127
Q

azithromycin

A

C.15. Macrolides. Ketolides

128
Q

telithromycin

A

C.15. Macrolides. Ketolides

129
Q

C.16. Clindamycin. Streptogramins. Oxazolidinones - Drugs

A

clindamycin
quinupristin/dalfopristin
linezolid

130
Q

clindamycin

A

C.16. Clindamycin. Streptogramins. Oxazolidinones

131
Q

quinupristin/dalfopristin

A

C.16. Clindamycin. Streptogramins. Oxazolidinones

132
Q

linezolid

A

C.16. Clindamycin. Streptogramins. Oxazolidinones

133
Q

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections. - Drugs

A

vancomycin
teicoplanin
oritavancin
bacitracin
daptomycin
fusidic acid
mupirocin

134
Q

vancomycin

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

135
Q

teicoplanin

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

136
Q

oritavancin

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

137
Q

bacitracin

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

138
Q

daptomycin

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

139
Q

fusidic acid

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

140
Q

mupirocin

A

C.17. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin. Pharmacotherapy of skin
and soft tissue infections

141
Q

C.18. Metronidazole. Fidaxomycine. Rifaximin. Pharmacotherapy of abdominal infections. - Drugs

A

metronidazole
fidaxomicin
rifaximin

142
Q

metronidazole

A

C.18. Metronidazole. Fidaxomycine. Rifaximin. Pharmacotherapy of abdominal infections

143
Q

fidaxomicin

A

C.18. Metronidazole. Fidaxomycine. Rifaximin. Pharmacotherapy of abdominal infections

144
Q

rifaximin

A

C.18. Metronidazole. Fidaxomycine. Rifaximin. Pharmacotherapy of abdominal infections

145
Q

C.19. Nitrofurantoin. Phosphomycine. Pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infections. - Drugs

A

nitrofurantoin
fosfomycin

146
Q

nitrofurantoin

A

C.19. Nitrofurantoin. Phosphomycine. Pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infections

147
Q

fosfomycin

A

C.19. Nitrofurantoin. Phosphomycine. Pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infections

EJJB Pharma (4 decks)

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