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Pharma LRTI Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchitis treatment

A

Amoxicillin, Clavulanic Acid,

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2
Q

Bronchiolitis treatment

A

supportive:
oxygen inhalation, bronchodilators, mechanical
o
ventilation, parenteral fluids to limit dehydration, correct respiratory acidosis and
electrolyte imbalance, etc.

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3
Q

children under the age of 8 with bronchitis are usually given

A

amoxicillin

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4
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Tetracyclines

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5
Q

Bacteriostatic drug

A

Tetracyclines

Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim)(antifolate)

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6
Q

used to treat Pneumocystis

corinii infection in patients with AIDS.

A

Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim)

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7
Q

Folic Acid Antagonists or Anti-folates:

A

Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim)

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8
Q

Sulofonamides are structural analogues for

A

PABA

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9
Q

Sulofonamides inhibit enzyme

A

dihydropteroate

synthetase

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10
Q

Trimethoprime inhibits the enzyme

A

dihydrofolate reductase

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11
Q

Sulofonamides inhibit synthesis of

A

Folate

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12
Q

Trimethoprime inhibit synthesis

A

tetrahydrofolic acid

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13
Q

tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis an important cofactor in

A

thymidylate (and hence DNA) synthesis.

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14
Q

Unwanted effects of sulfonamides include

A

hepatitis, hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow depression and crystalluria.

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15
Q

Unwanted effects of trimethoprim include

A

blood disorders and skin rashes.

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16
Q

Folate deficiency can be prevented by giving

A

folinic acid.

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17
Q

The cell wall of bacteria contains———-, which is not found in eukaryotic cells.

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

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19
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

-Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin

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20
Q

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin) inhibit the enzyme

A

bacterial transpeptidase enzymes

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21
Q

bacterial transpeptidase enzymes responsible for

A

cross-linking peptide chains of peptidoglycan and hence cell wall synthesis.

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22
Q

The intrinsic activity of β-lactam antibiotics against a particular organism depends on its ability to gain access to and bind with the necessary.

A

PBP.

penicillin-binding-proteins

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23
Q

broad spectrum

A

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

24
Q

β-Lactams (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin)

Adverse reactions:

A

Hypersensitivity
Cross-sensitivity or cross-alergenicity.
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

25
Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to penicillins & cephalosporins (β- Lactams) Most common.
Inactivation of the drug by β-Lactamases
26
Beta lactamase inhibitors:
Clavulanic acid Monobactams Carbapenems
27
Clavulanic acid Given in combination with
hydrolyzable β-lactamases e.g., amoxycillin (co-amoxiclav).
28
Glycopeptide Antibiotics ex
Vancomycin
29
Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to
D-Ala-D-Ala region of the peptidoglycan
30
Glycopeptides bind to precursors of cell wall | synthesis and inhibit
peptidoglycan elongation
31
Glycopeptides Binding of penicillin (D-Ala-D-Ala residue) | and results in
alteration of bacterial cell wall permeability.
32
Glycopeptide Antibiotics Inhibit- synthesis
RNA
33
Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
34
Useful against MRSA, S. epidermidis infections, and gram +ve infections in penicillin allergic patients.
Glycopeptide Antibiotics: Vancomycin
35
Vancomycin Not absorbed orally, given i.v. except in case of
Clostridium difficile colitis (GIT infection
36
Tetracyclines bind to — bind to
30S
37
inhibit protein synthesis (inhibit tRNA binding to mRNA)
Tetracyclines
38
It’s Adverse effects: Hepatotoxicity, phototoxicity Teratogenic effects and serious effect on developing teeth (permanent yellow/brown).
Tetracyclines
39
bind irreversibly to 30S > misreading of the message
Aminoglycosides: streptomycin
40
Aminoglycosides: streptomycin | Characteristics
Killing is concentration dependent Exhibit Post Antibiotic Effect (PAE)
41
not susceptible to aminoglycosides
Anaerobic bacteria
42
Adverse effects: | Aminoglycosides: streptomycin
Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade. | Low therapeutic index
43
Macrolides: erythromycin bind to
50S
44
Macrolides: erythromycin inhibit
translocation. (Movement to E, exit site)
45
Macrolides: erythromycin inhibit or inactivate which drug
1) digoxin 2) Cyt-P450 & 3) metabolism of other drugs (e.g. warfarin).
46
Macrolides interact/inactivate digoxin,causes
destroy gut flora, leading to its greater | reabsorption from enterohepatic circulation and higher levels in plasma.
47
reversible ototoxicity. | Hypersensitivity GI disturbances Cholestatic Jaundice
Macrolides
48
Lincosamides: Clindamycin binds to— > inhibit protein synthesis
50S
49
binds to 50S at the same sites of erythromycin & clindamyci
Chloramphenicol
50
Chloramphenicol inhibition of
mitochondrial protein synthesis in bacterial cells (inhibit transpeptidation, movement from P to A)
51
Adverse effects: | Limited use due to serious side effects of antibiotic-associated colitis.
Lincosamides: Clindamycin
52
Gray baby syndrome
Chloramphenicol
53
interfere with 50S & 30S ribosomal subunit assembly
Oxazolidinones: Linezolid
54
Oxazolidinones: Linezolid | Treats
skin and skin structure infections, nosocomial pneumonia (MRSA and non MRSA caused)
55
In hibitors of DNA synthesis: | 2
1) Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin | 2) Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole
56
Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole | Most effective against—— bacteria
anaerobic
57
like Aminoglycosides. exhibit concentration- dependent bacterial killing and a prolonged post-antibiotic effect (PAE)
Fluoroquinolones

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