Pharma Lab

Question 0

Normal blood pressure (BP)?

Answer 0

120/80

Question 1

Normal heart rate (HR)?

Answer 1

60-100 beats/min

Question 2

Normal oxygen concentration (SpO2)?

Answer 2

> 95

Question 3

Normal respiratory rate (RR)?

Answer 3

15 breaths/min

Question 4

Normal abdominal sound?

Answer 4

Water movement sound

Question 5

Pupil in presence of light?

Answer 5

Miosis (constricted)

Question 6

Pupil in absence of light?

Answer 6

Mydriasis (dilated)

Question 7

What is Lorazepam?

Answer 7

1) Benzodiazepine drug

2) Sedatives, hypnotic and anxiolytic drug

Question 8

Indication of Lorazepam?

Answer 8

1) Decrease muscle tone and anxiety
2) Causes anterograde amnesia
3) Induce sleep

Question 9

Side effects of Lorazepam

Answer 9

1) Hypotension
2) Bradycardia
3) Respiratory depression

Question 10

Why do we use benzodiazepines from barbiturates?

Answer 10

1) Benzodiazepines have less side effects because barbiturates are live enzyme inducers (more drug-drug interaction)
2) No antidote for barbiturates

Question 11

Antidote for Lorazepam

Answer 11

Flumazenil

Question 12

Benzodiazepines special characteristics

Answer 12

1) No effect on eyes (miosis or mydriasis)

2) No effect on abdominal sound

Question 13

1) Respiratory depression, miosis, loss of abdominal sound
2) Hypotension (histamine release -> vasodilation
3) Whizzing (bronchoconstriction)
4) Needle marks (drug abuser)

Answer 13

Opioid overdose

Question 14

Antidote for opioid overdose

Answer 14

Naloxone (competitive antagonist on opioid receptor)

Question 15

Organophosphates overdose

Answer 15

1) Pesticide and nerve gas
2) Stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system -> DUMB LESS
D=diarrhea, U=urination, M=miosis, B=bradycardia, L=lacrimation, E=excitation, S=sweating, S=salivation (very obvious)
3) Antidote is atropine (antimuscarinic) -> mydriasis, dry mouth, dry eyes

Question 16

Toxidrome

Answer 16

Symptoms of drug overdose (miosis, lacrimation, sweating)

Question 17

Coma cocktail

Answer 17

4 drugs + 1 supply for coma patients:

1) Flumazenil -> for benzodiazepine overdose
2) O2 supply
3) Naloxone -> for opioid overdose
4) Glucose (dextrose) -> for hypoglycemia
5) Thiamine -> for alcohol overdose (alcohol increases thymine consumption)

Question 18

Coma patient’s care

Answer 18

1) Main cause for coma is hypoglycemia

2) Give glucose (dextrose) to prevent irreversible brain damage

Question 19

How to detect drug overdose from coma patients?

Answer 19

1) Reduction of abdominal sound

2) Acetone smell (toxicity)

Question 20

Coma patient that has benzodiazepine overdose?

Answer 20

1) Flumazenil may worsen the condition

2) Give long acting benzodiazepine to prevent sudden withdrawal condition

Question 21

Respiratory depression may cause?

Answer 21

Hypoxia