Pharm Test 2 Book Questions

Question 1

_ are the most important drug group in dentistry.

Answer 1

Local anesthetic

Question 2

All local anesthetics in use today share similar chemical structures and can be categorized as being either _ or _

Answer 2

esters or amides

Question 3

The mechanism of action of esters and amides is by blockade of _ through binding to _

Answer 3

the propagation of peripheral nerve impulses

their receptor within sodium channels.

Question 4

The duration of local anesthetics is determined by _, NOT _

Answer 4

redistribution away from the site of action

NOT metabolism.

Question 5

Most local anesthetics cause _ necessitating addition of a _ to provide appropriate duration of action for use in dentistry.

Answer 5

Vasodilation

Vasoconstrictor

Question 6

The most common adverse reaction to local anesthetics is _ in nature, manifested as _

Answer 6

Psychogenic

Syncope

Question 7

Toxicity from local anesthetics can occur with _ or by _

Answer 7

Excessive doses

Or by

Intravascular injection

Question 8

_ are most susceptible to overdose from local anesthetics

Answer 8

Pediatric pts.

Question 9

Balanced anesthesia, using _ is the common technique used today in general anest.

Answer 9

Multiple drugs

Question 10

Inhalational anesthetics are now used primarily for _

Answer 10

maintenance of anesthesia.

Question 11

The inhalational anesthetics are: (4)

Answer 11

Nitrous oxide
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane

Question 12

Intravenous anesthetics are now used primarily for _

Answer 12

Induction of anesthesia.

Question 13

Intravenous anesthetics include: (4)

Answer 13

propofol, methohexital, ketamine, and midazolam.

Question 14

Adjuvant drugs to general anesthesia include: (6)

Answer 14

peripheral skeletal neuromuscular blockers
dexmedetomidine
analgesics
sedatives
antihistamines
antimuscarinic drugs.

Question 15

Treatment of dental pain associated with inflammation may be accomplished with _ , either alone or in combinations with _

Answer 15

Anti inflammatory drugs

Opioids

Question 16

The mechanism of action of opioids is _ located on neurons located primarily within the central nervous system (CNS).

Answer 16

the binding to (“affinity”) and activation of (“efficacy”) 7-transmembrane G protein–coupled opioid receptors

Question 17

The target receptor for most commonly used opioid analgesics is termed _

Answer 17

μ, mu, or MOR.

Question 18

Opioids also produce undesirable effects, including: (5)

Answer 18

Sedation and somnolence
Constipation
Nausea and vomiting
Respiratory depression
Urinary retention

Question 19

Repeated use of opioids can lead to: (3)

Answer 19

Analgesic tolerance
Physical dependence
Addiction

Question 20

Opioids that are agonists are used principally for _ ; antagonists prevent or reverse _ and are used principally to reverse _

Answer 20

relief of pain

the effects of agonists

opioid intoxication

Question 21

Inflammatory mediators include: (7)

Answer 21

histamine
prostaglandin
leukotrienes
platelet-activating factor
cytokines
bradykinin
nitric oxide.

Question 22

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block the production of _ by _

Answer 22

prostaglandins

by

inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX).

Question 23

Cox 1 is _

Cox 2 is _

Answer 23

Constitutive

Inducible

Question 24

_ is the only enzyme that irreversibly inhibits COX.

Answer 24

Aspirin

Question 25

Inhibition of the synthesis of thromboxane A2 by aspirin accounts for its _ effect

Answer 25

antiplatelet effect.

Question 26

NSAIDs that inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 include: 4

Answer 26

aspirin
ibuprofen
naproxen
ketorolac

Question 27

Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and therefore it is associated with _ compared to aspirin and the other nonselective COX inhibitors.

Answer 27

less GI toxicity