Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Spring 2018 > Pharm Final > Flashcards

Pharm Final Flashcards

1
Q

Time dependent drug

A

Concentrations in blood must be maintained for a period to inhibit cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ideal antibacterial

A 
Stable
Soluble
Diffusible
Slow excretion
Large therapeutic index
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Drug that is both static and cidal

A

Vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Empiric therapy

A

Give antibiotics based on best guess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of synergism in the notes

A

Beta-lactam + aminoglycoside
-cell wall inh. -protein synth. Inh

AG’s can get into the cell wall because of the beta-lactams

Only synergistic for G+ (cell wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fungal cell walls contain chitin and _

A

B-Glucans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mycobacteria cell walls are made of what

A 
Phospholipids
Mycolic acids
Arabinogalactan
Murein
Cytoplasmic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_ is the leading killer of people HIV infected

A

Tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Roles of:
antigen presenting cells
Helper T cells
Cellular and humoral immunity
Interferon

In rxn to infection

A

APC- take up and digest/present antigens

HTC: makes interleukin 2, makes interferon

Cell immunity: killer cells kill infected cells

Humoral: T helper contacts B cell holding antigen, B cell makes antibodies

Interferon: activates killer cells, induces resistance of other host cells to virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can antibodies affect a virus

A

Bind and neutralize virus

Recognize complex so it can be phagocytosed and destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Passive vs. active immunization

Characteristics of both types of immunization

A

Active: antigen induces cell and humoral immunity, takes weeks

Passive: give antiviral immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is interferon produced?

What is its role in suppressing viruses?

A

Interferon producing cells express receptors that recognize viral DNA/RNA and make interferon.

It circulates and activates interferon receptors on other cells, inducing expression of genes that promote resistance to viruses. Also activate NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Considerations regarding spectrum activity of antiviral agents

A

Work on one genome type (usually) and sometimes on one type of virus in class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Base-analog concepts (p31)

A

Resemble bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Details about acyclovir:

  • Selective metabolic activation in _
  • Competitive inhibition
  • Incorporation into DNA
  • Viral polymerase cannot _

Spectrum:

A

Virus infected cells

Add another base causing termination

HSV1>2>VZV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax, Sitavig):

Mechanism of action, virus family affected, uses

A

S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ganciclovir (cytovene)

Mechanism of action, virus family affected, use

A

M: phosphorylated, inhibits dGTP on polymerase, inhibits elongation after incorporation into DNA

CMV

Prophylaxis and treatment of CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lamivudine

Mechanism of action, virus family affected, use

A

M: competes with dCTP to inhibit reverse transcriptases

hep B and HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Docosanol (abreva)

Mechanism of action, virus family affected, use

A

Inhibits attachment of enveloped viruses to cells

HSV1/2, HH6, CMV
Influenza, RSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Importance of thymidine Kinase and UL97 kinase

A

TK phosphorylates acyclovir to human Kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do host enzymes affect metabolic activation for base analogs?

A

It looks like viral enzymes do (thymidine kinase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of M2 protein and action of amantadine in influenza

A

M2: allows genome release within cells

A: prevents uncoating of inf. A virus after entry into host cell and release by blocking M2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Importance of neuraminic (Sialic) acid

A

Cleavage of neuraminic acid disrupts binding of viral hemagglutinin to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Importance of neuraminidase

A

Hydrolyzes terminal neuraminic acids from proteins and other host cells.

Ultimately allowing viral release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Action of oseltamivir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

NS3-4A protease

A

Serine protease

Produces several enzymes and structural proteins for virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

NS5B RNA Polymerase

A

Copies RNA viral genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

NS5A

A

Ex. Ledipasvir

Protein required for HCV replication and assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Information and target for
Simeprevir (OLYSIO)
Sofosbuvir
Ledipasvir

A

Hep C Serine Protease Inhibitors

Simeprevir - NS3-4A
Sofosbuvir - NS5B
Ledipasvir - NS5A (domain 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Function of GP120 and GP41

A

GP120/41 is a complex on the outside of a virus (continuation of the core of the virus) that attaches on CD4/CCR5/CXCR4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which chemokine receptors are needed for HIV virus to attach

A

CD4 and CCR5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F integrate use the LTR in double stranded DNA to insert the HIV copy into the host genome

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Herpes virus:
Type
Examples

A

DNA

Chicken pox, herpes, CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hepatitis B is what category and what kind of virus

A

Hepadnavirus

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Influenza A,B,C are what kind and type of virus

A

Orthomyxovirus

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

RSV is what kind a type of virus

A

Paramyxovirus

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hep C is what kind and type of virus

A

Flaviviridae

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

From outside to in, general structure parts of virus (4)

A

Envelope
Capsid coat/capsomere
Enzymes
Nucleic acid core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many viruses cause human disease

40
Q

Size of virus

A

0.02-0.3 um

41
Q

Important receptor for HIV

A

CD4/CCR5 CXCR4

42
Q

Important receptor for Influenza

A

Neuraminic acid on glycoproteins

43
Q

Which cells have CD4/CCR5 receptors

A

Th Lymphocytes
Monocytes/macrophages
Neurons in CNS

44
Q

What are LTRs and what do they do

A

Long terminal repeat: sequences at end of genome

Used for integration into host
Drives transcription of HIV genome in host DNA

45
Q

As HIV replication increases, CD4 cell # _

46
Q

6 types of antiretroviral drugs

A
  1. Nucleoside/tide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  2. Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  3. Protease Inhibitors
  4. Fusion/Adherence Inhibitors
  5. CCR5 Antagonist
  6. Integrase Inhibitors
47
Q

Fusion/adhesion inhibitor of HIV

A

Enfuvirtide

48
Q

CCR5 antagonist (name)

49
Q

3 HIV integrase inhibitors

A

Raltegravir
Dolutegravir
Elvitegravir

50
Q

Immune reconstitution syndrome

A

Immune system comes back, attacks other microbes. Inflammation

51
Q

How does reverse transcriptase contribute to HIV mutagenesis

A

It’s error prone, lacks error correction system. Increases rate of mutation in cDNA

52
Q

How do nucleoside/tide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase work

A

Resemble nucleosides but lack 3’OH necessary for continued polymerization.

53
Q

Nucleoside/tide inhibitors of RT work on which HIV

54
Q

Lamivudine:

A

Hep B and HIV treatment

Cytosine Analog, incorporated into cDNA. Causes chain termination.

55
Q

NRTIs:
What
Effective against:

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Effective against HIV 1/2 and some HBV

56
Q

Zidovudine:

A

1st effective anti-HIV drug

57
Q 
NNRTI:
What
Works on what:
Resistance?
Specific example
A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Works on HIV-1 ONLY

Rapid resistance when used alone (mutations in RT)

Nevirapine

58
Q

What do HIV proteases do?

Effects?

A

Cleave gag-pol polyprotein

Produces active enzymes and structural proteins

59
Q

Protease inhibitors are combined with what

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

60
Q

HIV strains resistant to other protease inhibitors are often responsive to _

A

Tipranavir

61
Q

Consequences of enabling or disabling oncogene or tumor suppressor gene on growth and death

A

Inactivating tumor suppressor genes causes cancer

Activating oncogenes results in cancer

62
Q

Growth factors that trigger an increase in cyclin D can stimulate _

A

Cells back into the growth cycle of cancer

63
Q

Necrosis vs apoptosis

A

A: controlled
N: rupture, spilled contents

64
Q

Cancer results from _

Growth factor tyrosine kinase signaling can stimulate _ via _

Growth factor signaling can also repress _ and promote _

Anti-cancer drugs may inhibit _ and/or cause _

A

Imbalance b/t cell growth and death

Mitosis via cyclin D

Apoptosis and promote cell survival

Mitosis and cause necrosis or apoptosis to reduce a cancer

65
Q

Reason for combination therapy

A

Drug resistance

Resistance is limited by using multiple agents with different mechanisms

66
Q

T/F myelosuppression is a rare side effect of cytotoxic anti-cancer therapeutics

A

FALSE - common

67
Q

3 main mechanisms of cytotoxic therapies

A
  1. Inhibition of nucleotide or DNA synthesis
  2. Block critical proteins needed for cell growth and survival
    - Microtubule and topoisomerase
  3. Cause DNA damage
68
Q

How does DNA damage cause necrosis, apoptosis and inhibition of mitosis

A

Damage causes rxn involving PARP

DNA breaks activate kinase signaling, inducing protein p53

69
Q

What is methotrexate and what does it do?

A

Resembles folate

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, ultimately blocking DNA synthesis

Also

Causes hair loss, NV and loss of appetite

70
Q

5-fluoro uracil is a _
that is ultimately activated to a version attached to deoxyribose forming _,
Which inhibits thymidylate synthase which lowers _ and _

A

Base analog
FdUMP
TMP and DNA synthesis

71
Q

Mitotic spindle poisons vincristine and paclitaxel:
Mechanism
Effect

A

V: bind to tubulin dimers, added to end of new tubule and stops polymerization. Chromosome can’t segregate in M-phase

P: bind tubulin, inhibit disassembly of tubulin in microtubules. Microtubules can’t function, can’t segregate

72
Q

What does topoisomerase do

A

Unwind supercoiling DNA generated by polymerases as they move along DNA

73
Q

How does etoposide cause necrosis, apoptosis and inhibition of mitosis

A

Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II by making it so DNA can’t separate from enzyme after it breaks the strand. This causes a double strand break.

74
Q

Ways to cause DNA damage in cancer cells (5)

A

Radiation

Covalent modification of DNA by reactive drug

DNA strand breaking agent

Anthracyclines

Topoisomerase inhibition

75
Q

T/F radiation and photodynamic agents induce ROS that damage DNA and produce PARP

76
Q

Covalent modifiers of DNA do what

A

React with DNA producing damage and associated PARP and consequences

77
Q

Anthracyclines do what 3 things

A

Intercalate between bases of DNA
Induce ROS that damage DNA
Inhibit topoisomerase

78
Q

5 things that cause GERD

A
  1. Hiatal hernia
  2. Abnormalities in LES function
  3. Defects in esophageal contractions
  4. Defects in emptying stomach
  5. Excess production of acid
79
Q

Heartburn, indigestion, GERD and peptic ulcers are all treated by drugs that either _ or _

A

Reduce intragastric acidity or promote GI mucosal defense

80
Q

Proton pump inhibitors do what

A

Inhibit hydronium-potassium pump, preventing the production of acid

81
Q

H2 blockers:
What
Common one

A

H2 receptors stimulate gastric acid secretion, blockers block that

Cimetidine (Tagamet) is common. Less important now

82
Q

What does proglumide do

Good side effect

A

Inhibits GI motility and reduces gastric secretions (gastrin receptor antagonist)

Enhances analgesia produced by opioid drugs, prevents and reverses tolerance to them.

83
Q

Anti-nausea and vomiting drugs

A

Anti-muscarinic

84
Q

4 types of laxatives

A

Bulk forming
Osmotic
Stimulant
Fecal softeners

85
Q

3 ways anti-diarrheal agents work

A

Soak up water
Anti-secretory
Decrease intestinal motility

86
Q

Lower the pH, the less _ will be available, making it tough to remineralize

87
Q

How does fluoride work

A

Boosts ability of saliva to return lost minerals to tooth enamel before cavities can develop

88
Q

Tooth with all fluoride instead of hydroxide would have:

A

Smaller crystals
Better H bonding
Decreased solubility

89
Q

Healthy gums microbes

Unhealthy gums microbes

A

H: G+, facultative anaerobes

U: G-, obligate anaerobes

90
Q

Chlorhexidine is a _

A

Bisbiguanide

91
Q

Mechanism of chlorhexidine (3 things)

A

Ruptures bact Cell membrane
Binds salivary mucins, reduces pellicle, inhibiting plaque bacteria colonization
Binds bacteria

92
Q

Mechanism of triclosan

A

Inhibits fatty acid synthesis

93
Q

Cetylpyridinium chloride is a _

A

Quaternary ammonium compound

94
Q

Probiotic organism to prevent caries

A

Strep salivarius

95
Q

Order of effectiveness of mouthwashes

A

Chlorhexidine
CPC
Essential oils

96
Q

How does potassium nitrate desensitize teeth

A

Depolarizers nerve and prevents it from repolarizing and sending pain signals to brain

Spring 2018 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions