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Fundamentals of Nursing 1 > Pharm test 1 > Flashcards

Pharm test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

drug becomes a solution in this phase so that it can be absorbed ; only occurs when med is administered orally

A

pharmaceutic phase

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2
Q

the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles

A

disintegration

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3
Q

the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption

A

dissolution

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4
Q

To adequately assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate drug effects the nurse needs to have knowledge of the…

A

pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic,and pharmacodynamic phases of drug interaction

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5
Q

the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to adsorb it

A

rate limiting

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6
Q

drugs in _______ form are more rapidly available for GI absorption than _______

A

Liquids ; Solids

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7
Q

phase composed of four processes ; the effect the body has on the drug

A

pharmacokinetic phase

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8
Q

movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis

A

Absorption

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9
Q

most oral drugs are absorbed into the surface area of the _____ __________ through the action of extensive mucosal villi

A

small intestine

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10
Q

process that occurs mostly by diffusion ; drug does not require energy to move across the membrane

A

passive absorption

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11
Q

the movement from higher concentration to lower concentration

A

diffusion

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12
Q

process that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient ; energy is required

A

active absorption

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13
Q

process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

A

pinocytosis

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14
Q

GI membrane is composed mostly of lipid (fat) and protein so drugs that are ______ soluble pass rapidly through the GI membrane

A

lipid

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15
Q

_______ soluble drugs need a carrier , either enzyme or protein, to pass through the membrane

A

water

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16
Q

blood flow, pain, stress, hunger, route administered, fasting , food, and pH

A

factors that affet absorption

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17
Q

process in which drug passes to the liver before it can be used

A

first pass effect ; hepatic first pass

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18
Q

subcategory of absorption ; % of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

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19
Q

for the oral route of drug administration bioavailability occurs after ______ and ________ metabolism

A

absorption ; hepatic

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20
Q

bioavailability for the oral route is always _____ than _____ percent

A

less than 100%

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21
Q

bioavailability for the intravenous route is usually ________

A

100%

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22
Q

process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues (movement of the drug)

A

distribution

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23
Q

influenced by blood flow, the drugs affinity (ability to leave blood/ enter cells) to the tissue, and the protein binding effect

A

Drug distribution

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24
Q

as drugs are distributed in the plasma, many are bound to varying degrees (percentages) with proteins (primarily albumen)

A

protein binding effect

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25
Q

drugs that are greater than____ percent bound to protein are known as highly protein bound drugs

A

89%

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26
Q

____ _____ are active and can cause a pharmacologic response

A

free drugs

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27
Q

drugs not bound to protein

A

free drugs

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28
Q

as a free drug in circulation ______, more bound drugs are released from the protein to maintain the balance of the free drug

A

decreases

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29
Q

primary site for metabolism

A

Liver

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30
Q

breakdown of a drug

A

metabolism

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31
Q

time it takes one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated

A

half life (t 1/2)

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32
Q

_____ and _____ affect the half life of the drug.

A

metabolism: elimination

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33
Q

the half life of the drug determines how often it needs to be______ to reach effectively serum levels.

A

administered

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34
Q

main route of drug elimination is through the ______

A

Kidneys

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35
Q

_____ _____ drugs cannot be filtered through the kidneys

A

Protein bound

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36
Q

can be affected by urine pH, or the presence of kidneys disease

A

excretion

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37
Q

the study of a drug concentration and its affect on the body

A

pharmacodynamics

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38
Q

relationship between the minimal vs the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response ; usually graded to achieve the desired drug response

A

dose response

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39
Q

time it takes it to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug has been administered

A

onset of action

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40
Q

max affect at smallest dose

A

maximal efficacy

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41
Q

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration

A

peak action

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42
Q

length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect

A

duration of actions

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43
Q

can be affected by a decreasing or increasing gastric emptying, changes in the gastric ph, by forming drug complex.

A

factors that affect absorption

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44
Q

kidney disease can lead to….

A

drug accumulation

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45
Q

most accurate test to determine renal function

A

creatinine clearance

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46
Q

drugs that produce a response

A

agonist

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47
Q

drugs that block a response

A

antagonist

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48
Q

drugs that affect various sites

A

non specific drugs

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49
Q

drugs that affects various receptors

A

non selective drugs

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50
Q

stimulation or depression, replacement, inhibition or killing of organism, irritation

A

categories of drug actions

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51
Q

rate of cell activity or the secretion from a gland increases

A

stimulation

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52
Q

cell activity and function of a specific organ are reduced

A

depression

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53
Q

replacing an essential body compounds such as vitamins or iron

A

replacement

54
Q

interferes with bacterial cell growth

A

inhibition or killing of organism

55
Q

estimates the margin of safety of drug

A

therapeutic index(TI)

56
Q

narrow margin of safety

A

Low TI

57
Q

wide margin of safety

A

High TI

58
Q

should be between the minimum concentration in the plasma for obtaining the desire effect and the minimum toxic concentration of effect

A

therapeutic range or window

59
Q

highest level of plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time; indicates rate of absorption

A

peak drug level

60
Q

the lowest plasma concentration of a drug; measures the rate at which a drug is eliminated ; these levels are drawnimmediately before the next dose of drug is given

A

trough drug level

61
Q

higher dose of a drug that is given to achieve a rapid minimum affecting concentration ( MEC) in the blood ;use when immediate response or blood level is desired

A

loading dose

62
Q

physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects;maybe a desirable or undesirable

A

side effects

63
Q

more severe than side effects ; always undesirable

A

adverse reaction

64
Q

identify by monitoring blood levels

A

toxic effects

65
Q

effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence

A

pharmacogenetics

66
Q

decrease responsiveness

A

tolerance

67
Q

acute tolerances

A

tachyphylaxis

68
Q

non therapeutic drug is presented as a therapeutic agent

A

placebo effect

69
Q

study of effects on chemical substances on living things

A

pharmacology

70
Q

revised every five years; drugs have met high standards for therapeutic use, client safety, quality, purity, strength, packaging safety and dosage form; have the initial USP following their name

A

US phamacopeia of 1820

71
Q

formed and empowered by the FDA to monitor and regulate the manufacturers of drugs

A

1938 drug and cosmetic act

72
Q

differentiated between prescriptions and non prescriptions medications

A

1952 durham humphrey ammendment

73
Q

tightened control on drug safety

A

1962 kefauver-harris ammendment

74
Q

desired to remedy escalating problems of drug abuse

A

1970 controlled substance act

75
Q

sets standards for individuals privacy in regards of health records

A

2003 health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPPA)

76
Q

drugs with high abuse potential-no accepted medical use; heroin and LSD

A

schedule 1

77
Q

high potential for drug abuse- accepted medical use/ can lead to dependency ; demerol, morphine, codeine

A

schedule 2

78
Q

medically accepted drugs/ potential abuse is less;codeine

A

schedule 3

79
Q

medically accepted drugs may cause dependence; phenobarb, valume,

A

schedule 4

80
Q

medically accepted drugs, limited dependency; codeine in cough syrup

A

schedule 5

81
Q

state laws that governs drug administrations by nurses; nurses cannot prescribe or administer without a healthcare orders

A

nurse practice acts

82
Q

negligence; giving the wrong med or wrong dose that results in the clients death

A

misfeasance

83
Q

omission; omitting a dose that results in a clients death

A

nonfeasance

84
Q

giving the correct drug by the wrong route resulting in the clients death

A

malfeasance

85
Q

describes the drugs chemical makeup

A

chemical name

86
Q

registered trade mark owned by the drug manufacturer to which the company has exclusive rights for 20 years

A

brand name

87
Q

universally accepted, non proprietary name not owned by any drug company

A

generic name

88
Q

study of drug responses that maybe unique to an individual due to social, cultural and biologic phenomena

A

ethnopharmacology

89
Q

wide spread tendency to perceive the ways of doing things in ones own culture

A

ethnocentrism

90
Q

occurs when a less powerful group changes its ways to blend in with a dominant cultural group

A

assimilation

91
Q

an altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of a drug reaction of one or more drugs

A

drug interactions

92
Q

a drug can increase the drug metabolism of another drug by stimulating or inhibiting ______ _______

A

liver enzymes

93
Q

barbiturates, phenol barbitol, anti psychotics, theophylline

A

enzymes inducers

94
Q

dylantin, carbamazepine, alcohol, rifampin, cimetidine

A

enzyme inhibitors

95
Q

when two drugs with similar actions administered; the sum of the two drugs

A

additive drug effects

96
Q

when two or more drugs are given together and the affect is greater than the combined sum

A

synergistic drug affect; potentiation

97
Q

when two drugs are combined and cancel each other out

A

antagonist drug effect

98
Q

can increase or decrease drug absorption

A

food

99
Q

____ ____ or serum electrolytes concentration can affect drug therapy

A

abnormal plasma

100
Q

obtainable without a prescription

A

Over the Counter Drugs

101
Q

used to relieve coughs ; safe for children over six ; clients with heart disease, hypertension, thyroid disease should discuss the use of these with their health care provider

A

cold and cough remedies

102
Q

FDA restricts; primary ingredient is diphenhydramine; mostly combined with asprin or tylenol

A

sleep aids

103
Q

use of a chemical substance other for which it was intended

A

drug misuse

104
Q

using a drug inconsistent with medical or social norms

A

drug abuse

105
Q

a complex disease of the central Nervous system; compulsive uncontrolled craving

A

drug addiction

106
Q

altered physiologic state from prolonged substance use ; regular use is necessary to prevent withdrawal

A

physical dependence

107
Q

a term used by HP to describe behaviors related to the affects of drugs or substances on performance

A

chemical impairment

108
Q

Occurs in the presence of people places or things that have been associated with drug use

A

Cue induced cravings

109
Q

State of being Influenced or affected by a drug or other chemical substance

A

Intoxification

110
Q

treating an intoxicated client to diminish or remove drugs or their effects from the body

A

Detoxification

111
Q

signs and symptoms that occur in physically dependent people when drug use is stopped

A

Withdrawal syndrome

112
Q

alkaloid in tobacco that causes dependence

A

Nicotine

113
Q 
Cardiovascular stimulation
 Increased myocardial oxygen use
 Increased respiratory rate
 Increased GI secretions
 Increased smooth muscle tone
A

Side effects of nicotine

114
Q

 Nicotine replacement therapy – Zyban
 Bupropion
 Nortriptyline
 Support groups and behavior modification

A

Treatment of nicotine addiction

115
Q

most potent of abused stimulants. It was originally an alkaloid from the coca plant, now prepared synthetically

A

Cocaine

116
Q

crystalline cocaine

A

Crack

117
Q

 Euphoria, increased energy, alertness

 Impaired concentration and memory, irritability and mood swings, paranoia, and depression

A

Side effects of cocaine use

118
Q

a synthetic drug, a Schedule II drug.

A

Amphetamines

119
Q

 Increased alertness, improved performance, relief
of fatigue, anorexia.
 Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
 Irritability, anxiety, paranoia, hostile and violent behaviors
 Panic reactions, temporary psychosis

A

Side effects of amphetamine use

120
Q

 Alcohol

 Sedative-Hypnotics  Opioids

A

Depressants

121
Q

most widely consumed substance of abuse in the US. Abuse can lead to dependence and significant health, social, legal and interpersonal problems.

A

Alcohol

122
Q

for tx of anxiety and insomnia
 Barbituates
 Benzodiazepine

A

Sedative-Hypnotics

123
Q

 Respiratory depression, hypotension,  Abuse and withdrawal

A

Side effects and adverse reactions of depressants

124
Q

 Romazicon – benzodiazepine antagonist

A

Treatments for depressants

125
Q

can be naturally occurring or synthetic. Narcotic agents used as analgesics

A

Opioids

126
Q

 Analgesia, drowsiness, respiratory depression, slurred
speech
 Signs of overdose – pinpoint pupils, clammy skin, depressed respirations, coma and death if not treated

A

Side effects and adverse reactions of opioids

127
Q

 Narcan – a narcotic antagonist
 Support of vital systems.
 Methadone given in decreasing doses over 10 to 14 days to wean off opiates

A

Treatments of opioid overdose

128
Q

 Serious concern
 10 to 20% of nurses have substance abuse problem
 3 to 6% demonstrate impaired practice because of drugs

A

Chemical impairment in nurses

129
Q

 Chronic fatigue, illness, responsibility for client’s responses to illness and dying, professional dissatisfaction, access to drugs, marital and child care problems and downsizing

A

Contributing factors in nurse impairment

130
Q

 Changes in personality and behavior, job performance, and attendance. Poor judgment, errors, inappropriate behavior, and illogical documentation

A

Characteristics of nurse impairment

Fundamentals of Nursing 1 (9 decks)

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