Pharm test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
drug becomes a solution in this phase so that it can be absorbed ; only occurs when med is administered orally
A
pharmaceutic phase
2
Q
the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
A
disintegration
3
Q
the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption
A
dissolution
4
Q
To adequately assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate drug effects the nurse needs to have knowledge of the…
A
pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic,and pharmacodynamic phases of drug interaction
5
Q
the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to adsorb it
A
rate limiting
6
Q
drugs in _______ form are more rapidly available for GI absorption than _______
A
Liquids ; Solids
7
Q
phase composed of four processes ; the effect the body has on the drug
A
pharmacokinetic phase
8
Q
movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis
A
Absorption
9
Q
most oral drugs are absorbed into the surface area of the _____ __________ through the action of extensive mucosal villi
A
small intestine
10
Q
process that occurs mostly by diffusion ; drug does not require energy to move across the membrane
A
passive absorption
11
Q
the movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
A
diffusion
12
Q
process that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient ; energy is required
A
active absorption
13
Q
process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles
A
pinocytosis
14
Q
GI membrane is composed mostly of lipid (fat) and protein so drugs that are ______ soluble pass rapidly through the GI membrane
A
lipid
15
Q
_______ soluble drugs need a carrier , either enzyme or protein, to pass through the membrane
A
water
16
Q
blood flow, pain, stress, hunger, route administered, fasting , food, and pH
A
factors that affet absorption
17
Q
process in which drug passes to the liver before it can be used
A
first pass effect ; hepatic first pass
18
Q
subcategory of absorption ; % of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation
A
bioavailability
19
Q
for the oral route of drug administration bioavailability occurs after ______ and ________ metabolism
A
absorption ; hepatic
20
Q
bioavailability for the oral route is always _____ than _____ percent
A
less than 100%
21
Q
bioavailability for the intravenous route is usually ________
A
100%
22
Q
process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues (movement of the drug)
A
distribution
23
Q
influenced by blood flow, the drugs affinity (ability to leave blood/ enter cells) to the tissue, and the protein binding effect
A
Drug distribution
24
Q
as drugs are distributed in the plasma, many are bound to varying degrees (percentages) with proteins (primarily albumen)
A
protein binding effect
25
drugs that are greater than____ percent bound to protein are known as highly protein bound drugs
89%
26
____ _____ are active and can cause a pharmacologic response
free drugs
27
drugs not bound to protein
free drugs
28
as a free drug in circulation ______, more bound drugs are released from the protein to maintain the balance of the free drug
decreases
29
primary site for metabolism
Liver
30
breakdown of a drug
metabolism
31
time it takes one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
half life (t 1/2)
32
_____ and _____ affect the half life of the drug.
metabolism: elimination
33
the half life of the drug determines how often it needs to be______ to reach effectively serum levels.
administered
34
main route of drug elimination is through the ______
Kidneys
35
_____ _____ drugs cannot be filtered through the kidneys
Protein bound
36
can be affected by urine pH, or the presence of kidneys disease
excretion
37
the study of a drug concentration and its affect on the body
pharmacodynamics
38
relationship between the minimal vs the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response ; usually graded to achieve the desired drug response
dose response
39
time it takes it to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug has been administered
onset of action
40
max affect at smallest dose
maximal efficacy
41
occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration
peak action
42
length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect
duration of actions
43
can be affected by a decreasing or increasing gastric emptying, changes in the gastric ph, by forming drug complex.
factors that affect absorption
44
kidney disease can lead to....
drug accumulation
45
most accurate test to determine renal function
creatinine clearance
46
drugs that produce a response
agonist
47
drugs that block a response
antagonist
48
drugs that affect various sites
non specific drugs
49
drugs that affects various receptors
non selective drugs
50
stimulation or depression, replacement, inhibition or killing of organism, irritation
categories of drug actions
51
rate of cell activity or the secretion from a gland increases
stimulation
52
cell activity and function of a specific organ are reduced
depression
53
replacing an essential body compounds such as vitamins or iron
replacement
54
interferes with bacterial cell growth
inhibition or killing of organism
55
estimates the margin of safety of drug
therapeutic index(TI)
56
narrow margin of safety
Low TI
57
wide margin of safety
High TI
58
should be between the minimum concentration in the plasma for obtaining the desire effect and the minimum toxic concentration of effect
therapeutic range or window
59
highest level of plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time; indicates rate of absorption
peak drug level
60
the lowest plasma concentration of a drug; measures the rate at which a drug is eliminated ; these levels are drawnimmediately before the next dose of drug is given
trough drug level
61
higher dose of a drug that is given to achieve a rapid minimum affecting concentration ( MEC) in the blood ;use when immediate response or blood level is desired
loading dose
62
physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects;maybe a desirable or undesirable
side effects
63
more severe than side effects ; always undesirable
adverse reaction
64
identify by monitoring blood levels
toxic effects
65
effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence
pharmacogenetics
66
decrease responsiveness
tolerance
67
acute tolerances
tachyphylaxis
68
non therapeutic drug is presented as a therapeutic agent
placebo effect
69
study of effects on chemical substances on living things
pharmacology
70
revised every five years; drugs have met high standards for therapeutic use, client safety, quality, purity, strength, packaging safety and dosage form; have the initial USP following their name
US phamacopeia of 1820
71
formed and empowered by the FDA to monitor and regulate the manufacturers of drugs
1938 drug and cosmetic act
72
differentiated between prescriptions and non prescriptions medications
1952 durham humphrey ammendment
73
tightened control on drug safety
1962 kefauver-harris ammendment
74
desired to remedy escalating problems of drug abuse
1970 controlled substance act
75
sets standards for individuals privacy in regards of health records
2003 health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPPA)
76
drugs with high abuse potential-no accepted medical use; heroin and LSD
schedule 1
77
high potential for drug abuse- accepted medical use/ can lead to dependency ; demerol, morphine, codeine
schedule 2
78
medically accepted drugs/ potential abuse is less;codeine
schedule 3
79
medically accepted drugs may cause dependence; phenobarb, valume,
schedule 4
80
medically accepted drugs, limited dependency; codeine in cough syrup
schedule 5
81
state laws that governs drug administrations by nurses; nurses cannot prescribe or administer without a healthcare orders
nurse practice acts
82
negligence; giving the wrong med or wrong dose that results in the clients death
misfeasance
83
omission; omitting a dose that results in a clients death
nonfeasance
84
giving the correct drug by the wrong route resulting in the clients death
malfeasance
85
describes the drugs chemical makeup
chemical name
86
registered trade mark owned by the drug manufacturer to which the company has exclusive rights for 20 years
brand name
87
universally accepted, non proprietary name not owned by any drug company
generic name
88
study of drug responses that maybe unique to an individual due to social, cultural and biologic phenomena
ethnopharmacology
89
wide spread tendency to perceive the ways of doing things in ones own culture
ethnocentrism
90
occurs when a less powerful group changes its ways to blend in with a dominant cultural group
assimilation
91
an altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of a drug reaction of one or more drugs
drug interactions
92
a drug can increase the drug metabolism of another drug by stimulating or inhibiting ______ _______
liver enzymes
93
barbiturates, phenol barbitol, anti psychotics, theophylline
enzymes inducers
94
dylantin, carbamazepine, alcohol, rifampin, cimetidine
enzyme inhibitors
95
when two drugs with similar actions administered; the sum of the two drugs
additive drug effects
96
when two or more drugs are given together and the affect is greater than the combined sum
synergistic drug affect; potentiation
97
when two drugs are combined and cancel each other out
antagonist drug effect
98
can increase or decrease drug absorption
food
99
____ ____ or serum electrolytes concentration can affect drug therapy
abnormal plasma
100
obtainable without a prescription
Over the Counter Drugs
101
used to relieve coughs ; safe for children over six ; clients with heart disease, hypertension, thyroid disease should discuss the use of these with their health care provider
cold and cough remedies
102
FDA restricts; primary ingredient is diphenhydramine; mostly combined with asprin or tylenol
sleep aids
103
use of a chemical substance other for which it was intended
drug misuse
104
using a drug inconsistent with medical or social norms
drug abuse
105
a complex disease of the central Nervous system; compulsive uncontrolled craving
drug addiction
106
altered physiologic state from prolonged substance use ; regular use is necessary to prevent withdrawal
physical dependence
107
a term used by HP to describe behaviors related to the affects of drugs or substances on performance
chemical impairment
108
Occurs in the presence of people places or things that have been associated with drug use
Cue induced cravings
109
State of being Influenced or affected by a drug or other chemical substance
Intoxification
110
treating an intoxicated client to diminish or remove drugs or their effects from the body
Detoxification
111
signs and symptoms that occur in physically dependent people when drug use is stopped
Withdrawal syndrome
112
alkaloid in tobacco that causes dependence
Nicotine
113
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Cardiovascular stimulation
Increased myocardial oxygen use
Increased respiratory rate
Increased GI secretions
Increased smooth muscle tone
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Side effects of nicotine
114
Nicotine replacement therapy – Zyban
Bupropion
Nortriptyline
Support groups and behavior modification
Treatment of nicotine addiction
115
most potent of abused stimulants. It was originally an alkaloid from the coca plant, now prepared synthetically
Cocaine
116
crystalline cocaine
Crack
117
Euphoria, increased energy, alertness
| Impaired concentration and memory, irritability and mood swings, paranoia, and depression
Side effects of cocaine use
118
a synthetic drug, a Schedule II drug.
Amphetamines
119
Increased alertness, improved performance, relief
of fatigue, anorexia.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Irritability, anxiety, paranoia, hostile and violent behaviors
Panic reactions, temporary psychosis
Side effects of amphetamine use
120
Alcohol
| Sedative-Hypnotics Opioids
Depressants
121
most widely consumed substance of abuse in the US. Abuse can lead to dependence and significant health, social, legal and interpersonal problems.
Alcohol
122
for tx of anxiety and insomnia
Barbituates
Benzodiazepine
Sedative-Hypnotics
123
Respiratory depression, hypotension, Abuse and withdrawal
Side effects and adverse reactions of depressants
124
Romazicon – benzodiazepine antagonist
Treatments for depressants
125
can be naturally occurring or synthetic. Narcotic agents used as analgesics
Opioids
126
Analgesia, drowsiness, respiratory depression, slurred
speech
Signs of overdose – pinpoint pupils, clammy skin, depressed respirations, coma and death if not treated
Side effects and adverse reactions of opioids
127
Narcan – a narcotic antagonist
Support of vital systems.
Methadone given in decreasing doses over 10 to 14 days to wean off opiates
Treatments of opioid overdose
128
Serious concern
10 to 20% of nurses have substance abuse problem
3 to 6% demonstrate impaired practice because of drugs
Chemical impairment in nurses
129
Chronic fatigue, illness, responsibility for client’s responses to illness and dying, professional dissatisfaction, access to drugs, marital and child care problems and downsizing
Contributing factors in nurse impairment
130
Changes in personality and behavior, job performance, and attendance. Poor judgment, errors, inappropriate behavior, and illogical documentation
Characteristics of nurse impairment
