Pharm test 1 Flashcards
drug becomes a solution in this phase so that it can be absorbed ; only occurs when med is administered orally
pharmaceutic phase
the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
disintegration
the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption
dissolution
To adequately assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate drug effects the nurse needs to have knowledge of the…
pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic,and pharmacodynamic phases of drug interaction
the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available for the body to adsorb it
rate limiting
drugs in _______ form are more rapidly available for GI absorption than _______
Liquids ; Solids
phase composed of four processes ; the effect the body has on the drug
pharmacokinetic phase
movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis
Absorption
most oral drugs are absorbed into the surface area of the _____ __________ through the action of extensive mucosal villi
small intestine
process that occurs mostly by diffusion ; drug does not require energy to move across the membrane
passive absorption
the movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
process that requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient ; energy is required
active absorption
process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles
pinocytosis
GI membrane is composed mostly of lipid (fat) and protein so drugs that are ______ soluble pass rapidly through the GI membrane
lipid
_______ soluble drugs need a carrier , either enzyme or protein, to pass through the membrane
water
blood flow, pain, stress, hunger, route administered, fasting , food, and pH
factors that affet absorption
process in which drug passes to the liver before it can be used
first pass effect ; hepatic first pass
subcategory of absorption ; % of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation
bioavailability
for the oral route of drug administration bioavailability occurs after ______ and ________ metabolism
absorption ; hepatic
bioavailability for the oral route is always _____ than _____ percent
less than 100%
bioavailability for the intravenous route is usually ________
100%
process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues (movement of the drug)
distribution
influenced by blood flow, the drugs affinity (ability to leave blood/ enter cells) to the tissue, and the protein binding effect
Drug distribution
as drugs are distributed in the plasma, many are bound to varying degrees (percentages) with proteins (primarily albumen)
protein binding effect
drugs that are greater than____ percent bound to protein are known as highly protein bound drugs
89%
____ _____ are active and can cause a pharmacologic response
free drugs
drugs not bound to protein
free drugs
as a free drug in circulation ______, more bound drugs are released from the protein to maintain the balance of the free drug
decreases
primary site for metabolism
Liver
breakdown of a drug
metabolism
time it takes one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated
half life (t 1/2)
_____ and _____ affect the half life of the drug.
metabolism: elimination
the half life of the drug determines how often it needs to be______ to reach effectively serum levels.
administered
main route of drug elimination is through the ______
Kidneys
_____ _____ drugs cannot be filtered through the kidneys
Protein bound
can be affected by urine pH, or the presence of kidneys disease
excretion
the study of a drug concentration and its affect on the body
pharmacodynamics
relationship between the minimal vs the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response ; usually graded to achieve the desired drug response
dose response
time it takes it to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after the drug has been administered
onset of action
max affect at smallest dose
maximal efficacy
occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration
peak action
length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect
duration of actions
can be affected by a decreasing or increasing gastric emptying, changes in the gastric ph, by forming drug complex.
factors that affect absorption
kidney disease can lead to….
drug accumulation
most accurate test to determine renal function
creatinine clearance
drugs that produce a response
agonist
drugs that block a response
antagonist
drugs that affect various sites
non specific drugs
drugs that affects various receptors
non selective drugs
stimulation or depression, replacement, inhibition or killing of organism, irritation
categories of drug actions
rate of cell activity or the secretion from a gland increases
stimulation
cell activity and function of a specific organ are reduced
depression