pharm quiz 1

Question 1

Induce or expose a functional group on the parent compound is by what three

Answer 1

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Question 2

what is oxidation

Answer 2

loss of electrons via split O2 molecules

Question 3

what is reduction

Answer 3

gain electrons via electron transfer

Question 4

what is hydrolysis

Answer 4

addition of water to break bonds

Question 5

what does hydrolyzing or ester linking for rapid elimination do

Answer 5

increase ionization to pass thru kidneys

Question 6

what are some functional groups

Answer 6

glucouronic acid, sulfate, glutatione, amino acid, acetate

Question 7

cytochrome=

Answer 7

iron containing hemoprotein

Question 8

450=

Answer 8

peak absorption at 450nm when reacting with carbon monoxide

Question 9

what CYP450 isoform has the greatest breakdown of meds in bodys, is not most abundant

Answer 9

CYP3A4

Question 10

Drug receptors are

Answer 10

Proteins or glycoproteins present on cell surface, on an organelle within the cell, or in the cytoplasm

Question 11

Second messengers examples

Answer 11

CAMP, cGMP, Ca, inositol phosphates

Question 12

Inverse agonist

Answer 12

Bonds to receptor site and causes the opposite effect of an agonist
Ex H2 receptor antagonists

It doesn’t block anything from happening, it stops the effect

Question 13

Competitive antagonist is

Answer 13

Surmountable, agonists cannot bind to receptor antagonist is mounted until overcome by high doe-se

Question 14

Irreversible antagonist

Answer 14

Agents compete with agonists for the agonist binding receptor.
Permanent binding with receptor
Anti plt meds wait 7 days for new pots to be activated.
Nerve gas permanent paralysis until new muscarinic and nicotinic receptors generated

Question 15

Category a pregnancy

Answer 15

Adequate and well controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in first trimester and later trimesters

Question 16

Category b pregnancy

Answer 16

Animal studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women

Question 17

Category c pregnancy

Answer 17

Animal studies have shown adverse effect on fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in humans but potential benefits may warrant use of drug despite potential risks

Question 18

Category d pregnancy

Answer 18

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use despite risks ie antiseizure and mood stabilizer can cause spina bífida cardiacs abnormalities

Question 19

Category x preg

Answer 19

Studies demonstrated fetal risks and the risks clearly outweigh potential benefits ie warfarin
Use lovenox for dvt preg women

Question 20

REMS

Answer 20

Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy- tracking of drugs in community and finding safer ways to administer

Question 21

Altered metabolism

Answer 21

P450 isoenzymes inhibited ir índices by drug interactions

Question 22

Plasma protein competition

Answer 22

Drugs compete for binding of plasma proteins. Can increase concentration of drug unbound due to competition to toxic levels

Question 23

Altered absorption

Answer 23

Drugs may inhibit absorption of other drugs across biological membranes (anti ulcer agents that coat the stomach may decrease go absorption of other drugs

Question 24

Altered excretion

Answer 24

Drugs may act on the kidney to reduce excretion of specific agents ( probenecid competes with sulfonamides for the same carrier, increasing the risk of sulfonamide toxicity)

Question 25

Tolerance can be

Answer 25

Metabolic and cellelular

Question 26

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 26

Drug is metabolized more rapidly after chronic use

Question 27

Cellular tolerance

Answer 27

Decreases number of receptors “downregulation”

Question 28

Metabolism can make medications more

Answer 28

Active (prodrug) or inactive or metabolites may be more toxic than parent compound