pharm quiz 1 Flashcards
Induce or expose a functional group on the parent compound is by what three
oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
what is oxidation
loss of electrons via split O2 molecules
what is reduction
gain electrons via electron transfer
what is hydrolysis
addition of water to break bonds
what does hydrolyzing or ester linking for rapid elimination do
increase ionization to pass thru kidneys
what are some functional groups
glucouronic acid, sulfate, glutatione, amino acid, acetate
cytochrome=
iron containing hemoprotein
450=
peak absorption at 450nm when reacting with carbon monoxide
what CYP450 isoform has the greatest breakdown of meds in bodys, is not most abundant
CYP3A4
Drug receptors are
Proteins or glycoproteins present on cell surface, on an organelle within the cell, or in the cytoplasm
Second messengers examples
CAMP, cGMP, Ca, inositol phosphates
Inverse agonist
Bonds to receptor site and causes the opposite effect of an agonist
Ex H2 receptor antagonists
It doesn’t block anything from happening, it stops the effect
Competitive antagonist is
Surmountable, agonists cannot bind to receptor antagonist is mounted until overcome by high doe-se
Irreversible antagonist
Agents compete with agonists for the agonist binding receptor.
Permanent binding with receptor
Anti plt meds wait 7 days for new pots to be activated.
Nerve gas permanent paralysis until new muscarinic and nicotinic receptors generated
Category a pregnancy
Adequate and well controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in first trimester and later trimesters
Category b pregnancy
Animal studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women
Category c pregnancy
Animal studies have shown adverse effect on fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in humans but potential benefits may warrant use of drug despite potential risks
Category d pregnancy
There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use despite risks ie antiseizure and mood stabilizer can cause spina bífida cardiacs abnormalities
Category x preg
Studies demonstrated fetal risks and the risks clearly outweigh potential benefits ie warfarin
Use lovenox for dvt preg women
REMS
Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy- tracking of drugs in community and finding safer ways to administer
Altered metabolism
P450 isoenzymes inhibited ir índices by drug interactions
Plasma protein competition
Drugs compete for binding of plasma proteins. Can increase concentration of drug unbound due to competition to toxic levels
Altered absorption
Drugs may inhibit absorption of other drugs across biological membranes (anti ulcer agents that coat the stomach may decrease go absorption of other drugs
Altered excretion
Drugs may act on the kidney to reduce excretion of specific agents ( probenecid competes with sulfonamides for the same carrier, increasing the risk of sulfonamide toxicity)
Tolerance can be
Metabolic and cellelular
Metabolic tolerance
Drug is metabolized more rapidly after chronic use
Cellular tolerance
Decreases number of receptors “downregulation”
Metabolism can make medications more
Active (prodrug) or inactive or metabolites may be more toxic than parent compound
