Pharm Powerpoint Flashcards
What are the important things a nurse must take into consideration before administering a medication?
Understand the effect of the med on the disease process. Relate it to the pathophysiology and desired outcome
Provide education
Provide nursing interventions to make the medication regime more tolerable
administer med and monitor medication plan to prevent medication errors
What is medication reconciliation?
Must be done at admission, discharge, every home visit and at each clinic visit
Compare the orders to what the patient believes they are taking
Ask to have meds from home brought into the hospital and at every visit
It is important to prevent medication errors, drug interactions, and multiple reaction of same med.
What are the stages of a clinical trial?
- Pre-clinical Trial
- Phase 1 Trial
- Phase 2 Trial
- Phase 3 Trial
- Phase 4 Trial
What happens in the Pre Clinical Trial?
- Pre-Clinical Trial: usually an animal study to see the effects of the drug on living tissue and investigation of adverse effects. The research is stopped if the drug does not work, too toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic (agent that affects the development of a fetus), and small safety margin
What happens in the Phase 1 Trial?
Human volunteers usually health men and are used to see if the effects from the animal trials hold true to humans
Drug research is stopped if it does not work on humans, adverse effects, teratogenic, toxicity, but some drugs may move on despite risks
What happens in the Phase 2 Trial?
Studies those who have the disease
Samples are collected from multiple routes
Research will be stopped for all the reasons from previous trials or if there is a low benefit/risk or if the drug isn’t better than other meds on the market.
What happens in Phase 3 Trial?
It is done with a larger number of people
It tests for safety and the risk and side effects are known
Watches for adverse effects which did not come up in earlier trials which sometimes happen when it is exposed to large numbers.
What happens in Phase 4 trial?
Once the drug is approved, the pharmaceutical company then needs to monitor the medication for adverse outcomes
How long can a medication remain under patent?
Pharmaceuticals are given a patent for 20 years from when patent filed not from when drug hits the market
What is a PBM? How can this affect drug prices?
Pharmacy benefit managers act as middle men between insurer, pharmacy, and drug makers
The PBM gets a profit from the medication sells that increases the price of the medication
What is a high deductible insurance?
You are responsible for majority of your healthcare cost, but pay a lower premium
What is medicare Part D and what is the donut hole?
Insurance for your medication needs by paying a monthly premium.
Donut hole: most medicare drug plans have a coverage gap (hole) so theres a temporary limit on what the drug plan will cover for drugs you need if you pass the certain price .
What are drug classes?
Drugs that are classified by effects on a particular body system i.e opiods CNS depressant
Therapeutic uses i.e antidepressants
Chemical characteristics (beta-adrenergic blockers or benzodiazepines which work on GABA)
Drugs that fall into multiple categories
Prototypes
Usually, the first medication in a class and are the standard in which other drugs are compared in the class (morphine, fluoxetine (prozac), Captopril
What is the difference between the generic and the trade name?
Generic is the official name of the medication and is independent of the manufacturer. i.e pril, olol, statin
brand name or trade name is decided and patented by the manufacturer and there can be several different brand names
What are the 4 main ways medications affect the body?
Pharmacodynamics is the interaction between the living system (person) and the foreign chemicals. Way the drug affects the body
- Replace or acts as a substitute for missing chemicals (insulin)
- Increase or stimulate certain cellular activities (beta agonists)
- Depress or slow down certain activities (beta blockers)
- Interfere with the functioning of foreign cells like microorganisms or neoplasms (antibiotics or chemo)
What is the primary and secondary response of a medication?
Primary response is a desired effect and secondary can be desired but also can be adverse
Benadryl (diphenhydramine): Primary blocks histamine and stops allergy symptoms
Secondary is drowsiness
Explain factors that affect the absorption of the medication through the GI tract?
how soon the medication takes effect is based on the rate of absorption of the medication
the amount of absorption determines the intensity of the medication effects
The route of administration affects the rate and amount of absorption
Explain the process of absorption with the oral route
Must pass through the layers of the epithelial cells which line the GI tract. This is hard because there are barriers and foreign substances
needs to be blood flow to the area
total surface area of the intestines
and the time of contact which where longer contact=increased absorption
Acidity of the stomach so certain foods increase acidity (milk, ETOH, and proteins) causing an increased breakdown of the med. The drug is exposed to acid longer depending on the acidity
Explain the difference between passive and active absorption?
In passive absorption, there is diffusion so higher to lower concentration. It requires no energy to move small molecules across the membrane and stops when there is an equality in concentrations. In oral drugs there is a high concentration in GI tract to low in bloodstream.
In active absorption, requires an enzyme or protein to move the drug against the gradient. Moves from low to high concentration. i.e electrolytes and meds like levopoda
Explain the term Pinocytosis
Cells carry drug by engulfing the drug particles
fat soluble vitamins
