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Patho/Pharm > Patho Lecture One > Flashcards

Patho Lecture One Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between cells and tissues?

A

Cells are the smallest functioning unit of life while tissues are a collection of cells with special functions that makes them larger functional groups

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell and what are its primary components ?

A

Eukaryotic cell is a cell with a true nucleus and the primary components are a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus

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3
Q

The nucleus

A

Center of the cell and is enclosed in nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm lies with in the nucleus contains genome and the enzymes needed for RNA and DNA transcriptions

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

lies outside of the nucleus and contains the organelles

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix

A

Is within the cytoplasm and is a aqueous gel that contains the organelles

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6
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane or plasma membrane?

A

Separates the intracellular and extracellular fluids control transport of things into the cell participates in the electrical current cell growth and proliferation

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Fats, CHO, and proteins lipid bilayer, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycocalx

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8
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

impermeable to all but lipid soluble

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

A

(cell coat) surrounds the cell surface

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10
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

has no ribosomes and is continuous with the rough ER

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11
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it is involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis regulates calcium in the cell. Calcium stored in cistern for muscle contractions detoxes drugs smooth ER has prominent cells in the liver for glycogen storage and metabolism of lipid soluble drugs

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Covered in attached ribosomes has a strand of mRNA

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are organelles that are related to protein synthesis small particles that are made in the nucleolus leaves the nucleus through tunnels of the ROUGH ER and attaches to the ROUGH ER

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of flattened vesicles

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15
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?

A

Near the nucleus and work with the ER receives the vesicle and then modifies and repackages them in a vesicle the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and goes to where is needed

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16
Q

Ribosomes and Golgi body Provers

A

Ribosomes leave nucleolus and attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes gather and connect amino acids and put it into chains Leaves rough endoplasmic reticulum in vesicle to Golgi body Golgi body modifies, processes and make final changes goes into vesicle where it fuses with cell membrane and out where it is needed

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17
Q

Which organelle builds protein?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

Which organelle stores DNA?

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Which organelle produces ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

Which organelle synthesis lipids and steroid hormones and breaks down toxins?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

What structure allows material to exit/enter the cell?

A

cell or plasma membrane

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Called the power house because it uses cellular respiration to make ATP has its own DNA, own ribosomal protein, and is able to replicate

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Formed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum from digestive multi vesicular bodies called endosomes digest various molecules and substances (cell itself or other cells) usually cells that are no longer functional or old

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24
Q

Functions of Lysosomes

A

transported to the Golgi body and modified and packaged to transport to endoscopes digestion breakdown food and proteins into amino acids kill pathogens either by autolysis or phagocytosis

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25
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

When you are missing a lysosomal enzyme and substances can not break down

26
Q

Peroxisomes

A

protects the cell from damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide Isolate h202 (hydrogen peroxide) and breaks it down to water and oxygen

27
Q

Proteasomes

A

massive set of proteins that acts like a wood chipper in charge of the proteolysis of malformed and misfolded proteins through ubiquitination it tags the cells to be degraded by proteasome

28
Q

Pathogenesis

A

is the development of the disease or the order of events that occurred from time of contact until the disease happens

29
Q

Etiology

A

the causes of the disease could be bacteria, viruses, trauma, poison, etc can also be medicine or pollen

30
Q

Morphology

A

the fundamental structure of cells or tissues

31
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study in diseases in populations the news tells you about the epidemiology of Corona. Why are middle and old people getting it but kids are not?

32
Q

Diagnosis

A

is the nature of the problem the pathogenesis and epidemiology needs to be distinguished to determine who gets the disease and who doesn’t as well as S&S

33
Q

Prognosis

A

Survival of the disease

34
Q

Co morbidities

A

existing diseases interfering peoples handling of other diseases diabetics are most at risk when it comes to co morbidities

35
Q

Morbidity

A

Looks at how the disease affects the life of a person and how it changes morbidity of a stroke: can’t talk, walk, speak, etc. all nursing care is to get people to basic health and reduce morbidity

36
Q

Mortality

A

cause of death

37
Q

Clinical Course

A

the evolution of the disease you get sick and get treatment

38
Q

Natural History

A

the progression and outcome of a disease if there is no treatment given you get sick and do nothing and let it develop completely

39
Q

Clinical Manifestations

A

objective data the history and physical exam findings

40
Q

Risk factor

A

conditions suspect to contributing to disease

41
Q

Primary Prevention

A

preventing it from being an issue preventing disease by removing risk factors ex: immunization, seat belts, low fat diet, smoking cessation, motorcycle helmets

42
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Pick it up at its earliest time and try to treat it early detection of disease often before there are symptoms ex. Pap, mammogram, labs for cholesterol, BP, asking if they smoke

43
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

person has it so improve morbidity and keep them from dying group of people is always tertiary because they already have the disease ex. safe injection sites, rehab, chemotherapy dialysis

44
Q

Similarities between Anaerobic metabolism

A

both use glycolysis to generate energy both use glucose and both produces ATP

45
Q

Glucose molecule is ?

A

c6h12o6

46
Q

ATP

A

Used by all biologic organisms

47
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

aerobic uses oxygen and is only completed when there is a large supply of oxygen

48
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Does not use oxygen, so can be used when there is a small supply of oxygen so we can still produce ATP during activities like vigorous exercise

49
Q

Product of Aerobic metabolism

A

produces carbon dioxide and water as well as ATP

50
Q

Product of Anaerobic metabolism

A

produces lactic acid which can be harmful in large quantities

51
Q

Glycolysis

A

anaerobic process where energy is released from glucose that occurs in the cytoplasm cells with no mitochondria need this as well as gives energy to cells that do not have oxygen

52
Q

Glycolysis conversion

A

Converts 1 glucose molecule to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid one is used for process and one yields 2 ATP

53
Q

Requirement for Glycolysis

A

requires the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which is a H+ carrier

54
Q

End products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate and NADH in anaerobic converted to lactic acid/fermentation aerobic NADH helps with ETC in the mitochondria

55
Q

Glycolysis->Fermentation or Lactic Acid->Results in Net 2 ATP

A

Glycolysis: breaks the glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid which leads to 2to3 carbon molecules fermentation or lactic acid regenerates the molecules by the use of 2 ATP the results in Net 2 ATP, in states like cardiac arrest, lactic acid diffuses into the ecf

56
Q

hypertrophy

A

when cells enlarge in size not number to meet the needs of the body can be physiologic and pathologic

57
Q

Hyperplasia

A

when cells increase in number to meet a need of the body such as an increase number of cells in the breast in the breast feeding mother

58
Q

Atrophy

A

when cells shrink in size due to decrease energy demands

59
Q

Metaplasia

A

when cells change from one type to another to adapt a process in the body ex. changing cell types in the esophagus because of increased acid exposure

60
Q

Dysplasia

A

when cells undergo changes which change the shape and size and often can become precancerous

Patho/Pharm (6 decks)

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