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Patho/Pharm > Patho Lecture One > Flashcards

Patho Lecture One Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between cells and tissues?

A

Cells are the smallest functioning unit of life while tissues are a collection of cells with special functions that makes them larger functional groups

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell and what are its primary components ?

A

Eukaryotic cell is a cell with a true nucleus and the primary components are a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus

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3
Q

The nucleus

A

Center of the cell and is enclosed in nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm lies with in the nucleus contains genome and the enzymes needed for RNA and DNA transcriptions

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

lies outside of the nucleus and contains the organelles

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix

A

Is within the cytoplasm and is a aqueous gel that contains the organelles

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6
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane or plasma membrane?

A

Separates the intracellular and extracellular fluids control transport of things into the cell participates in the electrical current cell growth and proliferation

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Fats, CHO, and proteins lipid bilayer, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and glycocalx

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8
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

impermeable to all but lipid soluble

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9
Q

Glycocalyx

A

(cell coat) surrounds the cell surface

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10
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

has no ribosomes and is continuous with the rough ER

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11
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it is involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis regulates calcium in the cell. Calcium stored in cistern for muscle contractions detoxes drugs smooth ER has prominent cells in the liver for glycogen storage and metabolism of lipid soluble drugs

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Covered in attached ribosomes has a strand of mRNA

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are organelles that are related to protein synthesis small particles that are made in the nucleolus leaves the nucleus through tunnels of the ROUGH ER and attaches to the ROUGH ER

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of flattened vesicles

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15
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?

A

Near the nucleus and work with the ER receives the vesicle and then modifies and repackages them in a vesicle the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and goes to where is needed

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16
Q

Ribosomes and Golgi body Provers

A

Ribosomes leave nucleolus and attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes gather and connect amino acids and put it into chains Leaves rough endoplasmic reticulum in vesicle to Golgi body Golgi body modifies, processes and make final changes goes into vesicle where it fuses with cell membrane and out where it is needed

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17
Q

Which organelle builds protein?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

Which organelle stores DNA?

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Which organelle produces ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

Which organelle synthesis lipids and steroid hormones and breaks down toxins?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

What structure allows material to exit/enter the cell?

A

cell or plasma membrane

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Called the power house because it uses cellular respiration to make ATP has its own DNA, own ribosomal protein, and is able to replicate

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Formed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum from digestive multi vesicular bodies called endosomes digest various molecules and substances (cell itself or other cells) usually cells that are no longer functional or old

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24
Q

Functions of Lysosomes

A

transported to the Golgi body and modified and packaged to transport to endoscopes digestion breakdown food and proteins into amino acids kill pathogens either by autolysis or phagocytosis

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25
Lysosomal storage diseases
When you are missing a lysosomal enzyme and substances can not break down
26
Peroxisomes
protects the cell from damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide Isolate h202 (hydrogen peroxide) and breaks it down to water and oxygen
27
Proteasomes
massive set of proteins that acts like a wood chipper in charge of the proteolysis of malformed and misfolded proteins through ubiquitination it tags the cells to be degraded by proteasome
28
Pathogenesis
is the development of the disease or the order of events that occurred from time of contact until the disease happens
29
Etiology
the causes of the disease could be bacteria, viruses, trauma, poison, etc can also be medicine or pollen
30
Morphology
the fundamental structure of cells or tissues
31
Epidemiology
The study in diseases in populations the news tells you about the epidemiology of Corona. Why are middle and old people getting it but kids are not?
32
Diagnosis
is the nature of the problem the pathogenesis and epidemiology needs to be distinguished to determine who gets the disease and who doesn't as well as S&S
33
Prognosis
Survival of the disease
34
Co morbidities
existing diseases interfering peoples handling of other diseases diabetics are most at risk when it comes to co morbidities
35
Morbidity
Looks at how the disease affects the life of a person and how it changes morbidity of a stroke: can't talk, walk, speak, etc. all nursing care is to get people to basic health and reduce morbidity
36
Mortality
cause of death
37
Clinical Course
the evolution of the disease you get sick and get treatment
38
Natural History
the progression and outcome of a disease if there is no treatment given you get sick and do nothing and let it develop completely
39
Clinical Manifestations
objective data the history and physical exam findings
40
Risk factor
conditions suspect to contributing to disease
41
Primary Prevention
preventing it from being an issue preventing disease by removing risk factors ex: immunization, seat belts, low fat diet, smoking cessation, motorcycle helmets
42
Secondary Prevention
Pick it up at its earliest time and try to treat it early detection of disease often before there are symptoms ex. Pap, mammogram, labs for cholesterol, BP, asking if they smoke
43
Tertiary Prevention
person has it so improve morbidity and keep them from dying group of people is always tertiary because they already have the disease ex. safe injection sites, rehab, chemotherapy dialysis
44
Similarities between Anaerobic metabolism
both use glycolysis to generate energy both use glucose and both produces ATP
45
Glucose molecule is ?
c6h12o6
46
ATP
Used by all biologic organisms
47
Aerobic metabolism
aerobic uses oxygen and is only completed when there is a large supply of oxygen
48
Anaerobic metabolism
Does not use oxygen, so can be used when there is a small supply of oxygen so we can still produce ATP during activities like vigorous exercise
49
Product of Aerobic metabolism
produces carbon dioxide and water as well as ATP
50
Product of Anaerobic metabolism
produces lactic acid which can be harmful in large quantities
51
Glycolysis
anaerobic process where energy is released from glucose that occurs in the cytoplasm cells with no mitochondria need this as well as gives energy to cells that do not have oxygen
52
Glycolysis conversion
Converts 1 glucose molecule to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid one is used for process and one yields 2 ATP
53
Requirement for Glycolysis
requires the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which is a H+ carrier
54
End products of glycolysis
Pyruvate and NADH in anaerobic converted to lactic acid/fermentation aerobic NADH helps with ETC in the mitochondria
55
Glycolysis-\>Fermentation or Lactic Acid-\>Results in Net 2 ATP
Glycolysis: breaks the glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid which leads to 2to3 carbon molecules fermentation or lactic acid regenerates the molecules by the use of 2 ATP the results in Net 2 ATP, in states like cardiac arrest, lactic acid diffuses into the ecf
56
hypertrophy
when cells enlarge in size not number to meet the needs of the body can be physiologic and pathologic
57
Hyperplasia
when cells increase in number to meet a need of the body such as an increase number of cells in the breast in the breast feeding mother
58
Atrophy
when cells shrink in size due to decrease energy demands
59
Metaplasia
when cells change from one type to another to adapt a process in the body ex. changing cell types in the esophagus because of increased acid exposure
60
Dysplasia
when cells undergo changes which change the shape and size and often can become precancerous

Patho/Pharm (6 decks)

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