PATHO LECTURE ONE TEXTBOOK Flashcards
What is the plasma membrane or cell membrane made out of?
It is made out of cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus
What is the cytoplasm?
Is a colloidal internal fluid environment that contains water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
What does the Nucleus contain and what does it do?
Contains genetic material (DNA) and it regulates cellular activity
How do diseases arise?
Disease most commonly arises from dysfunction of one or more cellular organelles, proteins, or biochemical processes
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It acts as a barrier from the cells external environment and protects the internal organelles from injury
The major component of the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that contains proteins and cholesterol
the semi-permeability of the plasma membrane allows selective substances to go in and out
What is the core lipid region of the semipermeable plasma membranes’ role?
it remains impermeable to water and water-soluble substances, but allows lipid-soluble substances like oxygen and co2 to diffuse across
What happens in cellular edema?
When the plasma membrane’s configuration is altered by disease, excess fluid enters the cell’s internal environment causing it to swell
What happens in cellular dehydration?
When disease alters the plasma membrane’s configuration causing intracellular fluid to leak out causing it to shrink
What is the role of the mitochondria?
Are the cell’s energy producers
Where the area that needs energy the more mitochondria are there
Primary function is to convert organic nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP (done by aerobic metabolism)
What is the role of Aerobic Metabolism?
Requires oxygen and provides the maximum amount of energy for cellular function
Why are the mitochondria different from other cellular organelles?
They are different because they are the only cellular organelles that have their own distinctive DNA
Cell biologist think that they were independent living bacteria like organisms and in the course of evolution they came incorporated into human cells
Due to the fact they contain their own DNA they can reproduce within the cell whenever there is an increased need of ATP
What are lysosomes?
are small, membrane-enclosed organelles with an internal environment that is more acidic than the rest of the cell
They contain digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, proteases, and lipases that degrade ingested foreign substances and cellular debris
Autolysis: when a cell dies, lysosomes release digestive enzymes to destroy the cell parts
What happens when there is a lack of lysosomal enzymes and disease?
Can cause a harmful accumulation of a nondegraded substance
Tay Sachs disease is a lipid storage disease resulting from a deficiency in a lysosomal enzyme
What is the aftermath of Tay Sach’s disease?
It causes the accumulation of ganglioside, a specific type of lipid found in the central nervous system
this causes an accumulation in the liver, heart, nervous system, retina, and spleen causing organ dysfunction and widespread systematic illness.
What is the role of Proteasomes and Peroxisomes?
are organelles with digestive enzymes similar to lysosomes
Proteasomes degrade polypeptide chains and proteins
Peroxisomes break down long-chain fatty acids and free radicals
When they malfunction disease can occur
