Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Pharmacology II > Pharm II Exam II Material > Flashcards

Pharm II Exam II Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron (Zofran®)?

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonist

*Ondansetron (Zofran®) is used for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (anti-emetic) *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

T/F: Magnesium oxide may cause constipation as a side effect

A

False

Magnesium oxide is an osmotic cathartic that attracts water into the interstitial lumen by osmotic pressure and reflexively stimulates peristaltic activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Name the agent approved in cattle to increase milk production:

A

Bovine Somatotropin [BST]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pseudopregnancy is one of the most common reproductive problems during which phase of estrous in the bitch?

A

diestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which drug inhibits 5-α-reductase and is used to treat benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog?

A

Finasteride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which hormone is approved for growth promotion in sheep?

A

Zeranol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of anaplasmosis?

A

Oxytetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which drug lowers prolactin levels and is used in the treatment of pseudopregnancy in the bitch?

A

Bromocriptine

Bromocriptine acts as a dopamine agonist on central dopamine receptors and inhibits prolactin, causing luteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: A bactericidal drug would be preferred over a bacteriostatic drug in a patient with neutropenia

A

True

Bacteriostatic drugs require that the patient has a competent immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which antihistamine blocks H1 receptors and 5-HT receptors?

A

Cyproheptadine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Zafirlukast?

A

competitive antagonism of leukotriene receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: A major side effect of **progestins **is decreased appetite

A

False

A major side effect of progestins is increased appetite.

Other side effects include pyometra, mammary enlargement, hyperglycemia, weight gain, adrenal inhibition, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in the mare?

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name a drug given orally that completely blocks gastric secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the H+/K+/ATPase proton pump:

A

Omeprazole

(Prilosec®, Gastrogard®)

This drug irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+/ATPase proton pump, resulting in decreased hydrochloric acid production and a more potent anti-acid effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which anthelminthic drug is used in dogs against hookworms, ascarids, whipworms, and prevention of heartworms?

A

Milbemycin Oxime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of babesiosis in horses?

A

Imidocarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the agent that induces ovulation in the mare and causes fewer hypersensitivity reactions than hCG or LH:

A

Deslorelin acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the drug that has a prokinetic effect on the entire GI tract and does not stimulate GI secretion:

A

Cisapride

Cisapride has a prokinetic effect on all parts of the GI tract, including the colon in equines. It is often used to treat megacolon in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of amebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

(not approved in food animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which agent(s) would you use to induce ovulation in the mare?

A

hCG or** Deslorelin acetate**

  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and Deslorelin acetate are both used to induce ovulation in the mare.*
  • Deslorelin acetate typically causes fewer hypersensitivity reactions than hCG*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name a surfactant agent that is used in the treatment and prevention of bloat in ruminants:

A

Poloxalene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Finasteride?

A

inhibition of 5-α-reductase

*Finasteride is used to treat benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog, and does so by inhibiting the enzyme 5-α-reductase in the prostate, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostate hypertrophy). *

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: Misoprostol should not be used in pregnant animals

A

True

Misoprostol is specifically used to prevent and treat NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. Side effects include diarrhea and uterine stimulation (abortifacient).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) used for in cattle?

A

Treatment of ovarian follicular cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F: Ivermectin in cattle is active against Fasciola hepatica

A

False

Ivermectin in cattle is effective against GI roundworms, lungworms, grubs (H. lineatum, H. bovis), sucking lice, mites, scabies, horn flies, and biting lice

To treat liver flukes in cattle (Fasciola hepatica), consider using a Benzimidizole such as Albendazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cimetidine acts as an antagonist to _________ receptors

A

Cimetidine acts as an antagonist to H2 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T/F: Progestins are useful for contraception in small animals, behavioral problems in male cats, growth promotion in cattle, and synchronization of estrus in large animals

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which anthelminthic drug is approved in goats for treatment of GI nematodes?

A

Morantel (Nematel®)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ranitidine is a ________ receptor antagonist

A

Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist

It is used to reduce gastric acid and as a GI prokinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name the anti-coccidial drug that is approved for use in goats

A

Lasalocid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the idea behind using vinegar 5% orally to treat urea poisoning in cattle?

A

It inhibits urease and decreases absorption of ammonia from the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oral poloxalene in cattle is used to treat:

A

rumen bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which anthelminthic drug is approved in lactating dairy cattle for treatment of GI roundworms and lungworms?

A

Fenbendazole (Panacur®)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of toxoplasmosis in cats and dogs?

A

Clindamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which anti-nematodal drug is used to treat *Haemonchus *in sheep?

A

Ivermectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) to induce abortion in cattle during the first 150 days of gestation?

A

PGF2α

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T/F: Estrogens are not recommended for management of mismating in the bitch due to serious adverse effects

A

True

Using estrogens for mismating in small animals is very dangerous and puts the animals at high risk of developing pyometra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T/F: Albendazole in cattle is effective against Hypoderma bovis

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Name the agent most commonly used orally to prevent bovine ketosis:

A

Propylene gylcol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which prokinetic drug blocks peripheral and central dopamine receptors?

A

Metoclopramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ponazuril (Marquis®) is indicated for the treatment of:

A

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis [EPM] caused by Sarcocystic neurona

42
Q

Name the anthelminthic agent that is effective against the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses:

A

Praziquantel

43
Q

Which of the following agents acts by inhibiting prolactin?

  • estradiol
  • dexamethasone
  • bromocriptine
  • ergonovine
  • oxytocin
A

bromocriptine

44
Q

The drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of Ehrlichia in dogs:

A

Doxycycline

45
Q

In cattle less than 2 years of age, which agent is used to induce closure of the esophageal groove?

A

**Sodium bicarbonate (10%) **or Copper sulfate (5%)

46
Q

Administration of which hormone is most likely to cause aplastic anemia in small animals?

A

Estrogens

This can be life threatening in small animals. This effect with estrogens is not seen in large animals

47
Q

What are the clinical uses for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in large animals?

A
  • Treatment of follicular cysts in cattle
  • To induce ovulation in the mare
  • To stimulate testosterone secretion as a diagnosis for the presence of a testicle
48
Q

Name the agent that is often combined with progesterone or testosterone for growth promotion in cattle:

A

Estradiol

49
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in swine?

A

Prostaglandin F2α

50
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in the bitch?

A

Oxytocin

51
Q

Which anabolic steroid is approved in dogs, cats, and horses?

A

Stanozolol

52
Q

T/F: **Boldenone **is used as a growth promoter in cattle

A

False

Boldenone is an anabolic steroid approved in horses for improving athletic performance

53
Q

Which type of drug is used to kill or inhibit the growth and replication of microorganisms in living tissues?

A

Antimicrobial drugs

54
Q

T/F: Bacterial cell walls and mammalian cell walls are similar, so antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis may be toxic to the host

A

False

Bacterial cell walls and mammalian cell walls are not similar, in the sense that mammalian cells do not have cell walls.

…and bacterial cells do

55
Q

T/F: Bacterial cell membranes and mammalian cell membranes are similar, so antibiotics that disrupt the cell membrane may be toxic to host cells

A

True

Drugs that have this mechanism of action have a narrow therapeutic index and are too toxic to be given any route other than topically (because they can rupture mammalian cell membranes)

Examples: Polymixin B, Nystatin, Amphotericin B

56
Q

T/F: Antibacterial drugs that act by inhibiting protein synthesis are selective for bacteria because bacterial ribosomes are different from mammalian ribosomes

A

True

Most of these drugs are bacteriostatic

Examples: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol

57
Q

Which species seems to be particularly prone to antibacterial hypersensitivities?

A

Horses

58
Q

When a bacterial strain is normally susceptible to an antibiotic and becomes resistant, this is termed:

A

Acquired resistance

59
Q

Name the Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitor that is used to control pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis

A

Oclacitinib (Apoquel®)

Though it doesn’t even resemble a real word, Oclacitinib inhibits pruritogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting JAK1 and JAK3, without inhibiting cytokines involved in hematopoiesis that are dependent on JAK2.

60
Q

Zafirlukast is used to prevent bronchoconstriction in cases of bronchial asthma in cats. What is its mechanism of action?

A

leukotriene receptor antagonist

Zafirlukast is a selective competitive antagonist for LTD4 and LTE4 receptors

61
Q

Which prostaglandin agonist(s) is/are used topically on the eye to treat open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension?

A

Latanoprost, Travoprost, & Bimatoprost

62
Q

Name the agent commonly combined with praziquantel to treat roundworms, hookworms, and cestodes in cats:

A

Emodepside

The combination of Emodepside and Praziquantel is called Profender® and is okay to use in pregnant/lactating cats as well.

63
Q

Which drug would you use to treat amebiasis in a pregnant bitch?

A

Furazolidone

64
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) to treat Trichomoniasis in dogs and horses?

A

Metronidazole

65
Q

Name two drugs that are effective against liver flukes (F. hepatica) in cattle

A

Albendazole and Clorsulon

66
Q

T/F: Fenbendazole is effective against the canine flea tapeworm Dipylidium caninum

A

False

Fenbendazole is used in dogs for roundworms, hookworks, and whipworms. NOT Dipylidium caninum

67
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Ivermectin?

A

Binds to GABA/Glutamate Cl- channels to induce paralysis and inhibit egg production

68
Q

Advantage Multi® is a combination of which two anti-parasitic drugs?

A

Imidicloprid and Moxidectin

Advantage Multi® is used for heartworm prevention and ectoparasite control in dogs and cats

69
Q

T/F: Morantel is used as an anti-nematodal drug in lactating dairy cows

A

True

Morantel (Nematel®) is also approved for use in goats against GI nematodes

70
Q

Which antihistamine drug is used to treat equine melanoma?

A

Cimetidine (Tagamet®)

Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid, and is also used in treatment of equine melanoma because of its immuno-modulating activity (alteration of T-cell function and cell-mediated immunity)

71
Q

**Amprolium **is primarily used to prevent:

A

coccidiosis

72
Q

T/F: Febantel is a broad spectrum anthelmintic that has a very narrow safety margin and a high dose can negatively affect the host

A

False

Febantel has a wide safety margin.

Levamisole* is a broad spectrum anthelmintic that has a very narrow safety margin (not very selective and @ high doses can affect the host)*

73
Q

How does Milbemycin cause death of a parasite?

A

opening of chloride channels

Milbemycin opens glutamate-sensitive chloride channels in neurons, leading to hyperpolarization and blocking of signal transfer

74
Q

Which antiparasitic drug is effective against *Echinococcus granulosus *in dogs?

A

Praziquantel

75
Q

Which anti-coccidial drug acts by competitive antagonism with thiamine?

A

Amprolium

76
Q

Which anti-coccidial drug is approved for use in laying hens?

A

Amprolium

77
Q

**Domperidone (Motilium®) **is a prokinetic drug commonly used in equine medicine. What type of receptor does Domperidone act on?

A

dopamine (D2) receptors

Domperidone acts on dopamine (D2) receptors in the GI tract and has less penetration into the CNS than metoclopramide

78
Q

T/F: Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine are all H2 receptor antagonists with mild prokinetic effects

A

False

Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine are all H2 receptor antagonists, but of the three, only **Ranitidine exhibits a prokinetic effect ****(most apparent in the canine)

79
Q

Which opioid antidiarrheal drug is more likely to cross the BBB:

Diphenoxylate or Loperamide?

A

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil®)

Loperamide (Immodium®) is kept out of the CNS because it is pumped by the P-glycoprotein efflux pump (encoded by the MDR1 gene).

80
Q

Why should Loperamide not be used as an antidiarrheal in collie breeds?

A

Loperamide (Immodium®) is kept out of the CNS because it is pumped by the P-glycoprotein efflux pump (encoded by the MDR1 gene). Collie breeds often have mutation of this gene, resulting in a higher risk of CNS side effects.

81
Q

T/F: Phosphate-containing enemas should not be used in cats due to higher risk of toxicity

A

True

82
Q

Name a drug that is a potent anti-emetic and enhances GI motility:

A

metoclopramide

83
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for idiopathic colitis in dogs?

A

Sulfasalazine

84
Q

Name the GnRH agent used in small animals to treat follicular cysts in the bitch:

A

Gonadorelin

85
Q

T/F: Trenbolone may be used in feedlot heifers as a growth promoter

A

True

Trenbolone is an androgen that may be used as an implant in feedlot heifers and steers to increase weight gain and feed efficiency

86
Q

T/F: hCG may be used to induce ovulation in cats and to treat cryptorchidism in dogs

A

True

87
Q

Which hormone is used in combination with hCG (LH) to induce estrus in prepuberal gilts?

A

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

88
Q

Which androgens may be used for suppression of estrus in dogs?

A

**Mibolerone **and Testosterone

89
Q

Name the androgen used in cows to produce a “teaser” to identify cows in estrus

A

Testosterone

90
Q

Name the anabolic steroids used in veterinary medicine and identify which species they are used for:

A
  • Stanozolol: dogs, cats, horses
  • Boldenone: horses
91
Q

Which mycotoxin also acts on estrogen receptors? What is it used for clinically?

A

Zeranol

Zeranol is used for growth promotion in cattle and sheep

92
Q

Which drug can you give before PGF2α to reduce the side effects of PGF2α?

A

Atropine

PGF2α side effects include salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, anxiety, pyrexia, hyperpnea, and ataxia

93
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for inducing abortion in cattle during the last month of pregnancy?

A

Dexamethasone

94
Q

T/F: GnRH antagonists may be helpful for treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog

A

True

GnRH antagonists inhbit GnRH, which results in reduced LH, which results in reduced testosterone

95
Q

Name the compound that is believed to be responsible for prostate hypertrophy:

A

dihydrotestosterone

This is why Finasteride is an effective treatment option for prostate hypertrophy. Finasteride inhibits 5-a-reductase, which is responsible for converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

96
Q

Name four drugs that may be used to induce pharmacologic ejaculation in stallions.

A

imapramine, xylazine, detomidine, PGF2α

  • Imapramine is a tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA)
  • Xylazine and Detomidine are both α2 agonists
97
Q

Ejaculation in the stallion is primarily mediated through stimulation of which receptors?

A

α2 receptors

Emission is mediated primarily through α1 adrenergic stimulation and ejaculation is mediated primarily through α2 adrenergic stimulation

98
Q

What are the clinical uses of **growth hormone (GH) **in small animals?

A
  • Pituitary dwarfism in dogs
  • Growth hormone (GH)-responsive dermatosis
99
Q

What are the adverse effects of growth hormone (GH) in small animals?

A

diabetes mellitus and hypersensitivity reactions

100
Q

Which cestode is Fenbendazole not effective against?

A

Dipylidium caninum

101
Q

Which Avermectin is available as a pour-on in cattle and is okay to use in lactating cows?

A

Eprinomectin

102
Q

Why should you be careful when using Levamisole?

A

Narrow safety margin

RUSVM Pharmacology II (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions