Pharm II Exam II Material Flashcards
What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron (Zofran®)?
5-HT3 receptor antagonist
*Ondansetron (Zofran®) is used for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (anti-emetic) *
T/F: Magnesium oxide may cause constipation as a side effect
False
Magnesium oxide is an osmotic cathartic that attracts water into the interstitial lumen by osmotic pressure and reflexively stimulates peristaltic activity.
Name the agent approved in cattle to increase milk production:
Bovine Somatotropin [BST]
Pseudopregnancy is one of the most common reproductive problems during which phase of estrous in the bitch?
diestrus
Which drug inhibits 5-α-reductase and is used to treat benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog?
Finasteride
Which hormone is approved for growth promotion in sheep?
Zeranol
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of anaplasmosis?
Oxytetracycline
Which drug lowers prolactin levels and is used in the treatment of pseudopregnancy in the bitch?
Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine acts as a dopamine agonist on central dopamine receptors and inhibits prolactin, causing luteolysis
T/F: A bactericidal drug would be preferred over a bacteriostatic drug in a patient with neutropenia
True
Bacteriostatic drugs require that the patient has a competent immune system
Which antihistamine blocks H1 receptors and 5-HT receptors?
Cyproheptadine
What is the mechanism of action for Zafirlukast?
competitive antagonism of leukotriene receptors
T/F: A major side effect of **progestins **is decreased appetite
False
A major side effect of progestins is increased appetite.
Other side effects include pyometra, mammary enlargement, hyperglycemia, weight gain, adrenal inhibition, etc.
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in the mare?
Oxytocin
Name a drug given orally that completely blocks gastric secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the H+/K+/ATPase proton pump:
Omeprazole
(Prilosec®, Gastrogard®)
This drug irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+/ATPase proton pump, resulting in decreased hydrochloric acid production and a more potent anti-acid effect.
Which anthelminthic drug is used in dogs against hookworms, ascarids, whipworms, and prevention of heartworms?
Milbemycin Oxime
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of babesiosis in horses?
Imidocarb
Name the agent that induces ovulation in the mare and causes fewer hypersensitivity reactions than hCG or LH:
Deslorelin acetate
Name the drug that has a prokinetic effect on the entire GI tract and does not stimulate GI secretion:
Cisapride
Cisapride has a prokinetic effect on all parts of the GI tract, including the colon in equines. It is often used to treat megacolon in cats
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of amebiasis?
Metronidazole
(not approved in food animals)
Which agent(s) would you use to induce ovulation in the mare?
hCG or** Deslorelin acetate**
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and Deslorelin acetate are both used to induce ovulation in the mare.*
- Deslorelin acetate typically causes fewer hypersensitivity reactions than hCG*
Name a surfactant agent that is used in the treatment and prevention of bloat in ruminants:
Poloxalene
What is the mechanism of action of Finasteride?
inhibition of 5-α-reductase
*Finasteride is used to treat benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog, and does so by inhibiting the enzyme 5-α-reductase in the prostate, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostate hypertrophy). *
T/F: Misoprostol should not be used in pregnant animals
True
Misoprostol is specifically used to prevent and treat NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. Side effects include diarrhea and uterine stimulation (abortifacient).
What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) used for in cattle?
Treatment of ovarian follicular cysts
T/F: Ivermectin in cattle is active against Fasciola hepatica
False
Ivermectin in cattle is effective against GI roundworms, lungworms, grubs (H. lineatum, H. bovis), sucking lice, mites, scabies, horn flies, and biting lice
To treat liver flukes in cattle (Fasciola hepatica), consider using a Benzimidizole such as Albendazole
Cimetidine acts as an antagonist to _________ receptors
Cimetidine acts as an antagonist to H2 receptors
T/F: Progestins are useful for contraception in small animals, behavioral problems in male cats, growth promotion in cattle, and synchronization of estrus in large animals
True
Which anthelminthic drug is approved in goats for treatment of GI nematodes?
Morantel (Nematel®)
Ranitidine is a ________ receptor antagonist
Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist
It is used to reduce gastric acid and as a GI prokinetic
Name the anti-coccidial drug that is approved for use in goats
Lasalocid
What is the idea behind using vinegar 5% orally to treat urea poisoning in cattle?
It inhibits urease and decreases absorption of ammonia from the rumen
Oral poloxalene in cattle is used to treat:
rumen bloat
Which anthelminthic drug is approved in lactating dairy cattle for treatment of GI roundworms and lungworms?
Fenbendazole (Panacur®)
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of toxoplasmosis in cats and dogs?
Clindamycin
Which anti-nematodal drug is used to treat *Haemonchus *in sheep?
Ivermectin
What is the drug of choice (DOC) to induce abortion in cattle during the first 150 days of gestation?
PGF2α
T/F: Estrogens are not recommended for management of mismating in the bitch due to serious adverse effects
True
Using estrogens for mismating in small animals is very dangerous and puts the animals at high risk of developing pyometra
T/F: Albendazole in cattle is effective against Hypoderma bovis
False
Name the agent most commonly used orally to prevent bovine ketosis:
Propylene gylcol
Which prokinetic drug blocks peripheral and central dopamine receptors?
Metoclopramide
Ponazuril (Marquis®) is indicated for the treatment of:
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis [EPM] caused by Sarcocystic neurona
Name the anthelminthic agent that is effective against the tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses:
Praziquantel
Which of the following agents acts by inhibiting prolactin?
- estradiol
- dexamethasone
- bromocriptine
- ergonovine
- oxytocin
bromocriptine
The drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of Ehrlichia in dogs:
Doxycycline
In cattle less than 2 years of age, which agent is used to induce closure of the esophageal groove?
**Sodium bicarbonate (10%) **or Copper sulfate (5%)
Administration of which hormone is most likely to cause aplastic anemia in small animals?
Estrogens
This can be life threatening in small animals. This effect with estrogens is not seen in large animals
What are the clinical uses for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in large animals?
- Treatment of follicular cysts in cattle
- To induce ovulation in the mare
- To stimulate testosterone secretion as a diagnosis for the presence of a testicle
Name the agent that is often combined with progesterone or testosterone for growth promotion in cattle:
Estradiol
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in swine?
Prostaglandin F2α
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in the bitch?
Oxytocin
Which anabolic steroid is approved in dogs, cats, and horses?
Stanozolol
T/F: **Boldenone **is used as a growth promoter in cattle
False
Boldenone is an anabolic steroid approved in horses for improving athletic performance
Which type of drug is used to kill or inhibit the growth and replication of microorganisms in living tissues?
Antimicrobial drugs
T/F: Bacterial cell walls and mammalian cell walls are similar, so antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis may be toxic to the host
False
Bacterial cell walls and mammalian cell walls are not similar, in the sense that mammalian cells do not have cell walls.
…and bacterial cells do
T/F: Bacterial cell membranes and mammalian cell membranes are similar, so antibiotics that disrupt the cell membrane may be toxic to host cells
True
Drugs that have this mechanism of action have a narrow therapeutic index and are too toxic to be given any route other than topically (because they can rupture mammalian cell membranes)
Examples: Polymixin B, Nystatin, Amphotericin B
T/F: Antibacterial drugs that act by inhibiting protein synthesis are selective for bacteria because bacterial ribosomes are different from mammalian ribosomes
True
Most of these drugs are bacteriostatic
Examples: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol
Which species seems to be particularly prone to antibacterial hypersensitivities?
Horses
When a bacterial strain is normally susceptible to an antibiotic and becomes resistant, this is termed:
Acquired resistance
Name the Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitor that is used to control pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis
Oclacitinib (Apoquel®)
Though it doesn’t even resemble a real word, Oclacitinib inhibits pruritogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting JAK1 and JAK3, without inhibiting cytokines involved in hematopoiesis that are dependent on JAK2.
Zafirlukast is used to prevent bronchoconstriction in cases of bronchial asthma in cats. What is its mechanism of action?
leukotriene receptor antagonist
Zafirlukast is a selective competitive antagonist for LTD4 and LTE4 receptors
Which prostaglandin agonist(s) is/are used topically on the eye to treat open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension?
Latanoprost, Travoprost, & Bimatoprost
Name the agent commonly combined with praziquantel to treat roundworms, hookworms, and cestodes in cats:
Emodepside
The combination of Emodepside and Praziquantel is called Profender® and is okay to use in pregnant/lactating cats as well.
Which drug would you use to treat amebiasis in a pregnant bitch?
Furazolidone
What is the drug of choice (DOC) to treat Trichomoniasis in dogs and horses?
Metronidazole
Name two drugs that are effective against liver flukes (F. hepatica) in cattle
Albendazole and Clorsulon
T/F: Fenbendazole is effective against the canine flea tapeworm Dipylidium caninum
False
Fenbendazole is used in dogs for roundworms, hookworks, and whipworms. NOT Dipylidium caninum
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Ivermectin?
Binds to GABA/Glutamate Cl- channels to induce paralysis and inhibit egg production
Advantage Multi® is a combination of which two anti-parasitic drugs?
Imidicloprid and Moxidectin
Advantage Multi® is used for heartworm prevention and ectoparasite control in dogs and cats
T/F: Morantel is used as an anti-nematodal drug in lactating dairy cows
True
Morantel (Nematel®) is also approved for use in goats against GI nematodes
Which antihistamine drug is used to treat equine melanoma?
Cimetidine (Tagamet®)
Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid, and is also used in treatment of equine melanoma because of its immuno-modulating activity (alteration of T-cell function and cell-mediated immunity)
**Amprolium **is primarily used to prevent:
coccidiosis
T/F: Febantel is a broad spectrum anthelmintic that has a very narrow safety margin and a high dose can negatively affect the host
False
Febantel has a wide safety margin.
Levamisole* is a broad spectrum anthelmintic that has a very narrow safety margin (not very selective and @ high doses can affect the host)*
How does Milbemycin cause death of a parasite?
opening of chloride channels
Milbemycin opens glutamate-sensitive chloride channels in neurons, leading to hyperpolarization and blocking of signal transfer
Which antiparasitic drug is effective against *Echinococcus granulosus *in dogs?
Praziquantel
Which anti-coccidial drug acts by competitive antagonism with thiamine?
Amprolium
Which anti-coccidial drug is approved for use in laying hens?
Amprolium
**Domperidone (Motilium®) **is a prokinetic drug commonly used in equine medicine. What type of receptor does Domperidone act on?
dopamine (D2) receptors
Domperidone acts on dopamine (D2) receptors in the GI tract and has less penetration into the CNS than metoclopramide
T/F: Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine are all H2 receptor antagonists with mild prokinetic effects
False
Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine are all H2 receptor antagonists, but of the three, only **Ranitidine exhibits a prokinetic effect ****(most apparent in the canine)
Which opioid antidiarrheal drug is more likely to cross the BBB:
Diphenoxylate or Loperamide?
Diphenoxylate (Lomotil®)
Loperamide (Immodium®) is kept out of the CNS because it is pumped by the P-glycoprotein efflux pump (encoded by the MDR1 gene).
Why should Loperamide not be used as an antidiarrheal in collie breeds?
Loperamide (Immodium®) is kept out of the CNS because it is pumped by the P-glycoprotein efflux pump (encoded by the MDR1 gene). Collie breeds often have mutation of this gene, resulting in a higher risk of CNS side effects.
T/F: Phosphate-containing enemas should not be used in cats due to higher risk of toxicity
True
Name a drug that is a potent anti-emetic and enhances GI motility:
metoclopramide
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for idiopathic colitis in dogs?
Sulfasalazine
Name the GnRH agent used in small animals to treat follicular cysts in the bitch:
Gonadorelin
T/F: Trenbolone may be used in feedlot heifers as a growth promoter
True
Trenbolone is an androgen that may be used as an implant in feedlot heifers and steers to increase weight gain and feed efficiency
T/F: hCG may be used to induce ovulation in cats and to treat cryptorchidism in dogs
True
Which hormone is used in combination with hCG (LH) to induce estrus in prepuberal gilts?
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Which androgens may be used for suppression of estrus in dogs?
**Mibolerone **and Testosterone
Name the androgen used in cows to produce a “teaser” to identify cows in estrus
Testosterone
Name the anabolic steroids used in veterinary medicine and identify which species they are used for:
- Stanozolol: dogs, cats, horses
- Boldenone: horses
Which mycotoxin also acts on estrogen receptors? What is it used for clinically?
Zeranol
Zeranol is used for growth promotion in cattle and sheep
Which drug can you give before PGF2α to reduce the side effects of PGF2α?
Atropine
PGF2α side effects include salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, anxiety, pyrexia, hyperpnea, and ataxia
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for inducing abortion in cattle during the last month of pregnancy?
Dexamethasone
T/F: GnRH antagonists may be helpful for treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog
True
GnRH antagonists inhbit GnRH, which results in reduced LH, which results in reduced testosterone
Name the compound that is believed to be responsible for prostate hypertrophy:
dihydrotestosterone
This is why Finasteride is an effective treatment option for prostate hypertrophy. Finasteride inhibits 5-a-reductase, which is responsible for converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
Name four drugs that may be used to induce pharmacologic ejaculation in stallions.
imapramine, xylazine, detomidine, PGF2α
- Imapramine is a tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA)
- Xylazine and Detomidine are both α2 agonists
Ejaculation in the stallion is primarily mediated through stimulation of which receptors?
α2 receptors
Emission is mediated primarily through α1 adrenergic stimulation and ejaculation is mediated primarily through α2 adrenergic stimulation
What are the clinical uses of **growth hormone (GH) **in small animals?
- Pituitary dwarfism in dogs
- Growth hormone (GH)-responsive dermatosis
What are the adverse effects of growth hormone (GH) in small animals?
diabetes mellitus and hypersensitivity reactions
Which cestode is Fenbendazole not effective against?
Dipylidium caninum
Which Avermectin is available as a pour-on in cattle and is okay to use in lactating cows?
Eprinomectin
Why should you be careful when using Levamisole?
Narrow safety margin
