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RUSVM Pharmacology II > Pharm II Exam II Material > Flashcards

Pharm II Exam II Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron (Zofran®)?

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonist

*Ondansetron (Zofran®) is used for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (anti-emetic) *

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1
Q

T/F: Magnesium oxide may cause constipation as a side effect

A

False

Magnesium oxide is an osmotic cathartic that attracts water into the interstitial lumen by osmotic pressure and reflexively stimulates peristaltic activity.

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1
Q

Name the agent approved in cattle to increase milk production:

A

Bovine Somatotropin [BST]

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2
Q

Pseudopregnancy is one of the most common reproductive problems during which phase of estrous in the bitch?

A

diestrus

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3
Q

Which drug inhibits 5-α-reductase and is used to treat benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog?

A

Finasteride

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4
Q

Which hormone is approved for growth promotion in sheep?

A

Zeranol

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4
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of anaplasmosis?

A

Oxytetracycline

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5
Q

Which drug lowers prolactin levels and is used in the treatment of pseudopregnancy in the bitch?

A

Bromocriptine

Bromocriptine acts as a dopamine agonist on central dopamine receptors and inhibits prolactin, causing luteolysis

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6
Q

T/F: A bactericidal drug would be preferred over a bacteriostatic drug in a patient with neutropenia

A

True

Bacteriostatic drugs require that the patient has a competent immune system

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6
Q

Which antihistamine blocks H1 receptors and 5-HT receptors?

A

Cyproheptadine

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Zafirlukast?

A

competitive antagonism of leukotriene receptors

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9
Q

T/F: A major side effect of **progestins **is decreased appetite

A

False

A major side effect of progestins is increased appetite.

Other side effects include pyometra, mammary enlargement, hyperglycemia, weight gain, adrenal inhibition, etc.

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9
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in the mare?

A

Oxytocin

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11
Q

Name a drug given orally that completely blocks gastric secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the H+/K+/ATPase proton pump:

A

Omeprazole

(Prilosec®, Gastrogard®)

This drug irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+/ATPase proton pump, resulting in decreased hydrochloric acid production and a more potent anti-acid effect.

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11
Q

Which anthelminthic drug is used in dogs against hookworms, ascarids, whipworms, and prevention of heartworms?

A

Milbemycin Oxime

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12
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of babesiosis in horses?

A

Imidocarb

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13
Q

Name the agent that induces ovulation in the mare and causes fewer hypersensitivity reactions than hCG or LH:

A

Deslorelin acetate

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14
Q

Name the drug that has a prokinetic effect on the entire GI tract and does not stimulate GI secretion:

A

Cisapride

Cisapride has a prokinetic effect on all parts of the GI tract, including the colon in equines. It is often used to treat megacolon in cats

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15
Q

What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of amebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

(not approved in food animals)

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16
Q

Which agent(s) would you use to induce ovulation in the mare?

A

hCG or** Deslorelin acetate**

  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and Deslorelin acetate are both used to induce ovulation in the mare.*
  • Deslorelin acetate typically causes fewer hypersensitivity reactions than hCG*
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17
Q

Name a surfactant agent that is used in the treatment and prevention of bloat in ruminants:

A

Poloxalene

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Finasteride?

A

inhibition of 5-α-reductase

*Finasteride is used to treat benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog, and does so by inhibiting the enzyme 5-α-reductase in the prostate, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostate hypertrophy). *

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19
Q

T/F: Misoprostol should not be used in pregnant animals

A

True

Misoprostol is specifically used to prevent and treat NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. Side effects include diarrhea and uterine stimulation (abortifacient).

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21
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) used for in cattle?

A

Treatment of ovarian follicular cysts

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22
T/F: Ivermectin in cattle is active against *Fasciola hepatica*
**False** *Ivermectin in cattle is effective against GI roundworms, lungworms, grubs (H. lineatum, H. bovis), sucking lice, mites, scabies, horn flies, and biting lice* To treat liver flukes in cattle (*Fasciola hepatica*), consider using a Benzimidizole such as *Albendazole*
23
**Cimetidine** acts as an antagonist to _________ receptors
Cimetidine acts as an antagonist to **H2 receptors**
25
T/F: Progestins are useful for contraception in small animals, behavioral problems in male cats, growth promotion in cattle, and synchronization of estrus in large animals
**True**
26
Which anthelminthic drug is approved in goats for treatment of GI nematodes?
**Morantel (Nematel®)**
27
**Ranitidine** is a ________ receptor antagonist
Ranitidine is an **H2 receptor** antagonist ## Footnote *It is used to reduce gastric acid and as a GI prokinetic*
28
Name the anti-coccidial drug that is approved for use in goats
**Lasalocid**
29
What is the idea behind using vinegar 5% orally to treat urea poisoning in cattle?
**It inhibits urease and decreases absorption of ammonia from the rumen**
30
Oral **poloxalene** in cattle is used to treat:
**rumen bloat**
31
Which anthelminthic drug is approved in lactating dairy cattle for treatment of GI roundworms and lungworms?
**Fenbendazole (Panacur®)**
32
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of toxoplasmosis in **cats and dogs**?
**Clindamycin**
33
Which anti-nematodal drug is used to treat *Haemonchus *in sheep?
**Ivermectin**
35
What is the drug of choice (DOC) to induce abortion in cattle *during the first 150 days* of gestation?
**PGF2α**
36
T/F: **Estrogens** are not recommended for management of mismating in the bitch due to serious adverse effects
**True** *Using estrogens for mismating in small animals is very dangerous and puts the animals at high risk of developing pyometra*
37
T/F: Albendazole in cattle is effective against ***Hypoderma bovis***
**False**
38
Name the agent most commonly used *orally* to prevent bovine ketosis:
**Propylene gylcol**
40
Which prokinetic drug blocks peripheral and central dopamine receptors?
**Metoclopramide**
41
Ponazuril (Marquis®) is indicated for the treatment of:
**Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis [EPM] caused by *Sarcocystic neurona***
42
Name the anthelminthic agent that is effective against the tapeworm *Anoplocephala perfoliata* in horses:
**Praziquantel**
43
Which of the following agents acts by inhibiting prolactin? * estradiol * dexamethasone * bromocriptine * ergonovine * oxytocin
**bromocriptine**
44
The drug of choice (DOC) for treatment of Ehrlichia in dogs:
**Doxycycline**
45
In cattle less than 2 years of age, which agent is used to induce closure of the esophageal groove?
**Sodium bicarbonate (10%) **or **Copper sulfate (5%)**
46
Administration of *which hormone* is most likely to cause aplastic anemia in small animals?
**Estrogens** *This can be life threatening in small animals. This effect with estrogens is not seen in large animals*
47
What are the clinical uses for **Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)** in large animals?
* Treatment of **follicular cysts in cattle** * To **induce ovulation in the mare** * To stimulate testosterone secretion **as a diagnosis for the presence of a testicle**
48
Name the agent that is often combined with progesterone or testosterone for growth promotion in cattle:
**Estradiol**
49
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in swine?
**Prostaglandin F2α**
50
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for induction of parturition in the bitch?
**Oxytocin**
51
Which **anabolic steroid** is approved in dogs, cats, and horses?
**Stanozolol**
52
T/F: **Boldenone **is used as a growth promoter in cattle
**False** ***Boldenone** is an anabolic steroid approved in horses for improving athletic performance*
53
Which type of drug is used to kill or inhibit the growth and replication of microorganisms in living tissues?
**Antimicrobial drugs**
54
T/F: Bacterial cell walls and mammalian cell walls are similar, so antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis may be toxic to the host
**False** Bacterial cell walls and mammalian cell walls are ***not*** similar, in the sense that mammalian cells do not have cell walls. ...and bacterial cells do
55
T/F: Bacterial cell membranes and mammalian cell membranes are similar, so antibiotics that disrupt the cell membrane may be toxic to host cells
**True** *Drugs that have this mechanism of action have a narrow therapeutic index and are too toxic to be given any route other than topically (because they can rupture mammalian cell membranes)* Examples: Polymixin B, Nystatin, Amphotericin B
56
T/F: Antibacterial drugs that act by inhibiting protein synthesis are selective for bacteria because bacterial ribosomes are different from mammalian ribosomes
**True** *Most of these drugs are bacteriostatic* Examples: Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol
57
Which species seems to be particularly prone to antibacterial hypersensitivities?
**Horses**
58
When a bacterial strain is normally susceptible to an antibiotic and becomes resistant, this is termed:
**Acquired resistance**
59
Name the **Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitor** that is used to control pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis
**Oclacitinib (Apoquel®)** *Though it doesn't even resemble a real word, Oclacitinib inhibits pruritogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting JAK1 and JAK3, without inhibiting cytokines involved in hematopoiesis that are dependent on JAK2.*
60
**Zafirlukast** is used to prevent bronchoconstriction in cases of bronchial asthma in cats. What is its mechanism of action?
**leukotriene receptor antagonist** *Zafirlukast is a selective competitive antagonist for LTD4 and LTE4 receptors*
61
Which **prostaglandin agonist(s)** is/are used topically on the eye to treat open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension?
**Latanoprost, Travoprost, & Bimatoprost**
62
Name the agent commonly combined with praziquantel to treat roundworms, hookworms, and cestodes in cats:
**Emodepside** *The combination of Emodepside and Praziquantel is called Profender® and is okay to use in pregnant/lactating cats as well.*
63
Which drug would you use to treat amebiasis in a pregnant bitch?
**Furazolidone**
64
What is the drug of choice (DOC) to treat **Trichomoniasis** in dogs and horses?
**Metronidazole**
65
Name two drugs that are effective against liver flukes (*F. hepatica*) in cattle
**Albendazole** and **Clorsulon**
66
T/F: **Fenbendazole** is effective against the canine flea tapeworm *Dipylidium caninum*
**False** Fenbendazole is used in dogs for roundworms, hookworks, and whipworms. NOT *Dipylidium caninum*
67
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of **Ivermectin**?
Binds to GABA/Glutamate Cl- channels to induce paralysis and inhibit egg production
68
Advantage Multi® is a combination of *which two anti-parasitic drugs*?
**Imidicloprid and Moxidectin** *Advantage Multi® is used for heartworm prevention and ectoparasite control in dogs and cats*
69
T/F: **Morantel** is used as an anti-nematodal drug in lactating dairy cows
**True** Morantel (Nematel®) is also approved for use in goats against GI nematodes
70
Which **antihistamine** drug is used to treat equine melanoma?
**Cimetidine (Tagamet®)** *Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid, and is also used in treatment of equine melanoma because of its immuno-modulating activity (alteration of T-cell function and cell-mediated immunity)*
71
**Amprolium **is primarily used to prevent:
**coccidiosis**
72
T/F: **Febantel** is a broad spectrum anthelmintic that has a very narrow safety margin and a high dose can negatively affect the host
**False** Febantel has a *wide* safety margin. ***Levamisole**** is a broad spectrum anthelmintic that has a very narrow safety margin (not very selective and @ high doses can affect the host)*
73
How does **Milbemycin** cause death of a parasite?
**opening of chloride channels** Milbemycin opens glutamate-sensitive chloride channels in neurons, leading to hyperpolarization and blocking of signal transfer
74
Which antiparasitic drug is effective against *Echinococcus granulosus *in dogs?
**Praziquantel**
75
Which anti-coccidial drug acts by competitive antagonism with thiamine?
**Amprolium**
76
Which anti-coccidial drug is approved for use in *laying hens*?
**Amprolium**
77
**Domperidone (Motilium®) **is a prokinetic drug commonly used in equine medicine. What type of receptor does Domperidone act on?
**dopamine (D2) receptors** ## Footnote *Domperidone acts on dopamine (D2) receptors in the GI tract and has less penetration into the CNS than metoclopramide*
78
T/F: Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine are all H2 receptor antagonists with mild prokinetic effects
**False** *Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine are all H2 receptor antagonists, but of the three, only **Ranitidine exhibits a prokinetic effect ****(most apparent in the canine)*
79
Which opioid antidiarrheal drug is more likely to cross the BBB: **Diphenoxylate** or **Loperamide**?
**Diphenoxylate (Lomotil®)** Loperamide (Immodium®) is kept out of the CNS because it is pumped by the P-glycoprotein efflux pump (encoded by the MDR1 gene).
80
Why should **Loperamide** not be used as an antidiarrheal in collie breeds?
Loperamide (Immodium®) is kept out of the CNS because it is pumped by the P-glycoprotein efflux pump (encoded by the MDR1 gene). Collie breeds often have mutation of this gene, resulting in a higher risk of CNS side effects.
81
T/F: Phosphate-containing enemas should not be used in cats due to higher risk of toxicity
**True**
82
Name a drug that is a potent anti-emetic and enhances GI motility:
**metoclopramide**
83
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for idiopathic colitis in dogs?
**Sulfasalazine**
84
Name the **GnRH** agent used in small animals to treat follicular cysts in the bitch:
**Gonadorelin**
85
T/F: **Trenbolone** may be used in feedlot heifers as a growth promoter
**True** *Trenbolone is an androgen that may be used as an implant in feedlot heifers and steers to increase weight gain and feed efficiency*
86
T/F: **hCG** may be used to induce ovulation in cats and to treat cryptorchidism in dogs
**True**
87
Which hormone is used in combination with hCG (LH) to induce estrus in prepuberal gilts?
**FSH** *Follicle Stimulating Hormone*
88
Which androgens may be used for suppression of estrus in dogs?
**Mibolerone **and **Testosterone**
89
Name the androgen used in cows to produce a "teaser" to identify cows in estrus
**Testosterone**
90
Name the **anabolic steroids** used in veterinary medicine and identify which species they are used for:
* **Stanozolol**: dogs, cats, horses * **Boldenone:** horses
91
Which **mycotoxin** also acts on estrogen receptors? What is it used for clinically?
**Zeranol** *Zeranol is used for growth promotion in cattle and sheep*
92
Which drug can you give before **PGF2α** to *reduce the side effects of **PGF2α***?
**Atropine** *PGF2α side effects include salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, anxiety, pyrexia, hyperpnea, and ataxia*
93
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for inducing abortion in cattle *during the last month of pregnancy*?
**Dexamethasone**
94
T/F: GnRH antagonists may be helpful for treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy in the dog
**True** *GnRH antagonists inhbit GnRH, which results in reduced LH, which results in reduced testosterone*
95
Name the compound that is believed to be responsible for prostate hypertrophy:
dihydrotestosterone ## Footnote *This is why **Finasteride** is an effective treatment option for prostate hypertrophy. Finasteride _inhibits 5-a-reductase_, which is responsible for converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone*
96
Name four drugs that may be used to induce pharmacologic ejaculation in stallions.
**imapramine, xylazine, detomidine, PGF2α** * Imapramine is a tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA) * Xylazine and Detomidine are both α2 agonists
97
Ejaculation in the stallion is primarily mediated through stimulation of *which receptors*?
**α2 receptors** *Emission is mediated primarily through α1 adrenergic stimulation and ejaculation is mediated primarily through α2 adrenergic stimulation*
98
What are the clinical uses of **growth hormone (GH) **in small animals?
* Pituitary dwarfism in dogs * Growth hormone (GH)-responsive dermatosis
99
What are the adverse effects of **growth hormone (GH)** in small animals?
**diabetes mellitus** and **hypersensitivity reactions**
100
Which cestode is **Fenbendazole** _not_ effective against?
***Dipylidium caninum***
101
Which **Avermectin** is available as a pour-on in cattle and is okay to use in lactating cows?
**Eprinomectin**
102
Why should you be careful when using **Levamisole**?
**Narrow safety margin**

RUSVM Pharmacology II (4 decks)

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