Pharm Final

Question 1

What is the blood pressure equation?

Answer 1

Cardiac output x System vascular resistance

Question 2

Define tone

Answer 2

The frequency of action potentials in autonomic nerves

Question 3

How is blood pressure modulated by baroreceptors?

Answer 3

Fires more action potentials when blood pressure increased, gets sent to nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), paraympathetic innervation slows down the heart

Question 4

Where are barreceptors located?

Answer 4

The aortic arch and the cartid artery

Question 5

What is the hypothalamus’s role in CV REgulation

Answer 5

Fine tunes the regulation from the medulla

Modulates stress, osmolality, Na level, and metabolic state

Question 6

What is the role of the sympathoregulatory paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 6

Integrates input from higher centers, influences medullary regulation of SY / PSY, releases antidiuretic hormone and stress hormone

Question 7

What is the general effect of antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 7

WATER RETENTION
Kidneys retain more water, sweat glands release less water, arterioles constrict, increasing blood pressure

Question 7

What role does leptin play in obesity?

Answer 7

Selective leptin resistance leads to a higher appetite, no increase in energy expenditure, and hypertension via increased cardiac output and VR

Question 7

What is the role of leptin?

Answer 7

Produced by adipocytes after eating, reduces appetite, increases energy expenditure and sympathetic activity

Question 7

What are the main functions of the kidney?

Answer 7

Osmotic balance
Na reabsorption
K+ secretion
H+ secretion
Urea and toxin secretion

Question 8

How constitutes ~25% of cardiac output?

Answer 8

Renal blood flow

Question 9

Name the parts of the nephron

Answer 9

Glomerulus –> Bowman’s capsule –> Prox. convuluted tubule –> Loop of henle –> Distal convuluted tubule –> Collecting tubule

Question 10

What is the excretion equation (kidneys)?

Answer 10

Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

Question 11

How do arterioles affect kidney function?

Answer 11

Dilation / Constriction of afferent / efferent arterioles control hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus (modulates filtration pressure)

Question 12

What do diuretics do?

Answer 12

Used for hypertension / heart failure

Reduce extracellular fluid volume by inhibiting Na/water retention in the kidney

side effect: hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, hypotension

Question 13

What drug class is furosemide? Where does it act?

Answer 13

It is a loop diuretic, acts in the ascending loop on Na/K ion channels

most potent diuretic

Question 14

Which diuretic targets the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 14

Chlorothiazide, Inhibits Na/Cl ion channel reabsorption

DOG for hypertension / heart failure

Question 15

Which diuretic targets the collecting tubule? What is it’s MOA?

Answer 15

Spironolactone

Blocks the aldosterone receptor, which normally induces Na/water retention

used in combo with other diuretic to reduce K+ loss