Pharm Final Flashcards
What is the blood pressure equation?
Cardiac output x System vascular resistance
Define tone
The frequency of action potentials in autonomic nerves
How is blood pressure modulated by baroreceptors?
Fires more action potentials when blood pressure increased, gets sent to nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), paraympathetic innervation slows down the heart
Where are barreceptors located?
The aortic arch and the cartid artery
What is the hypothalamus’s role in CV REgulation
Fine tunes the regulation from the medulla
Modulates stress, osmolality, Na level, and metabolic state
What is the role of the sympathoregulatory paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Integrates input from higher centers, influences medullary regulation of SY / PSY, releases antidiuretic hormone and stress hormone
What is the general effect of antidiuretic hormone?
WATER RETENTION
Kidneys retain more water, sweat glands release less water, arterioles constrict, increasing blood pressure
What role does leptin play in obesity?
Selective leptin resistance leads to a higher appetite, no increase in energy expenditure, and hypertension via increased cardiac output and VR
What is the role of leptin?
Produced by adipocytes after eating, reduces appetite, increases energy expenditure and sympathetic activity
What are the main functions of the kidney?
Osmotic balance
Na reabsorption
K+ secretion
H+ secretion
Urea and toxin secretion
How constitutes ~25% of cardiac output?
Renal blood flow
Name the parts of the nephron
Glomerulus –> Bowman’s capsule –> Prox. convuluted tubule –> Loop of henle –> Distal convuluted tubule –> Collecting tubule
What is the excretion equation (kidneys)?
Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion
How do arterioles affect kidney function?
Dilation / Constriction of afferent / efferent arterioles control hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus (modulates filtration pressure)
What do diuretics do?
Used for hypertension / heart failure
Reduce extracellular fluid volume by inhibiting Na/water retention in the kidney
side effect: hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, hypotension
What drug class is furosemide? Where does it act?
It is a loop diuretic, acts in the ascending loop on Na/K ion channels
most potent diuretic
Which diuretic targets the distal convoluted tubule?
Chlorothiazide, Inhibits Na/Cl ion channel reabsorption
DOG for hypertension / heart failure
Which diuretic targets the collecting tubule? What is it’s MOA?
Spironolactone
Blocks the aldosterone receptor, which normally induces Na/water retention
used in combo with other diuretic to reduce K+ loss
