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Studying > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

“Auto” Regulates the automatic processes of the body.

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2
Q

What are the two categories of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Para-sympathetic and Sympathetic

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3
Q

What process does the parasympathetic system regulate

A

“Rest and Digest” (Craniosacral region)

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4
Q

What process does the sympathetic system regulate?

A

“Fight or flight” (Thoracolumbar region)

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5
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous system

A

Mediates the bodies response to: Stress, danger, environmental challenges, Physical activity

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6
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic NS activitation?

A

Increased cardiac output, dilation of airways, constriction of arterioles, inhibition of digestive functions, etc.

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7
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptor?

A

Alpha and Beta (G-protein coupled receptors)

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8
Q

What to adrenergic alpha receptors modulate?

A

Vasoconstriction and increase in intracellular Ca through NO pathway

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9
Q

What to adrenergic beta receptors modulate?

A

Gs proteins: increased PKA activity

Actions: increased heart rate and contractility, relaxation of tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle (vasodilation)

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10
Q

Adrenergic alpha agonists and antagonists

A

Agonists:
Phenylephrine, Clonidine, #epinephrine#, norepinephrine

Antagonists:
Prazosin, yohimbine, labetolol

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11
Q

Adrenergic beta agonists and antagonists

A

Agonist
Dobutaminem, albuterol, nor and epinephrine

Antagonists
Atenolol, metoprolo, propanolol, butoxamine

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system modulate?

A

“rest and digest”
Decreased cardiac output, restriction of airways, activation of digestive functions

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13
Q

What is the receptor and neurotransmitter for pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

A

Nicotinic, Acetylcholine

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14
Q

What is the receptor and neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

A

Muscarinic (Gq), acetylcholine
- stimulated by muscarine, blocked by atropine

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15
Q

Positive chronotropy

A

Heart rate is increased

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16
Q

Positive dromotropy

A

Conduction velocity is increased

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17
Q

Positive inotropy

A

Contractility is increased

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18
Q

Positive lusitropy

A

Increased rate of myocyte relaxation

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19
Q

The ANS is part of…

A

The peripheral nervous system

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20
Q

The SNS is responsible for “fight or flight” (T/F)

A

True

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21
Q

Which part of the ANS is characterized by preganglionic neurons originating from thoracolumbar segments of the spinal chord?

A

Sympathetic

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22
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for synaptic connections in both sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Acetylcholine

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23
Q

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla primarily release what molecule?

A

Epinephrine

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24
Q

Which of the following receptors are GPCRs signaling preferably via Gq proteins?

A

Adrenergic a1, Muscarinic M1, M3, M5 receptors

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25
Q

Adrenergic α1 blockers can be used for the treatment of…

A

Hypertension and Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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26
Q

What is a drug that decreases heart rate and cardiac contractility?

A

Beta1 antagonists

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27
Q

Can M3 receptors induce vasodilation?

A

Yes, increase in intracellular Ca stimulates the NO pathway, relaxing vascular smooth muscle.

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28
Q

Blood pressure can be increased experimentally by…

A

Activating a1 (vasculature) and B1 (heart) receptors

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29
Q

What are the four types of potassium channels?

A

Voltage gated, inward rectifying, calcium-gated, and Tandem pore

30
Q

Where is potassium concentrated in the cellular environment under normal conditions?

A

Inside the cell (along with organic ions)

31
Q

What is the most diverse group of ion channels?

A

Potassium channels

32
Q

What is the role of Kv’s in a neuron

A

repolarizing the action potential (K+ Efflux)

33
Q

Mechanism of Class III Antiarrhythmic Agents

A

Blocks Kv channels to delay repolarization = suppression of tachycardias (amiodarone and Deftilide)

34
Q

Long QT Syndrome

A

QT is an interval in a cardiogram, this syndrome results in delayed repolarization of cardiac action potential

35
Q

What activates Inward rectifying K+ channels?

A

Hyperpolarization and K+ concentration

36
Q

What is the purpose of inward rectifying K+ channels?

A

Maintaining resting membrane potential

37
Q

Bartter syndrome mutation

A

Kir1; depletion of extracellular fluid volume

38
Q

Andersen-Tawil sydrome

A

Kir2.1 LOF; Long QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias

39
Q

Effect of LOF Kir2.1 mutation

A

Short QT

40
Q

Pendred syndrome

A

LOF Kir4.1; Leads to deafness

41
Q

Which potassium receptors is a major player in functional Hyperemia

A

Kir2.1

42
Q

Effect of Katp channel agonists

A

Vasodilation (treatment of hypertension

43
Q

waht receptor type are Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

44
Q

Where are NAcRs found primarily?

A

Found at cholinergic synapses in the CNS and the autonomic nervous system

45
Q

Where is nicotine most effective?

A

At neuronal nicotinic receptors

46
Q

What is the predominant mode of elimination for nicotine?

A

Hepatic metabolism

47
Q

What is the primary metabolite of nicotine?

A

Cotinine

48
Q

What is the effect of menthol on liver metabolism?

A

Inhibiting effect; increases plasma nicotine and cotinine levels

49
Q

Is nictotine a NAcR agonist or antagonist?

A

Both; opens the channel, but over exposure induces receptor internalization, stopping the signal

49
Q

What is the primary method of controlling NAcRs?

A

Antagonism of the receptor with drugs

50
Q

What is the M.O.A of bupropion?

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake in the brain; nicotinic receptor agonist

51
Q

What is the direction of ion flow for the major types of ion channels?

A

Chloride: Influx/efflux
Ca/Na: Influx
K+: Efflux

52
Q

What are the two primary functions performed by chloride channels?

A

Regulating the membrane potential and secretion of water and sodium from the cell

53
Q

What are the four types of chloride channel?

A

CFTR
Ca-mediated
Ligand-gated
Voltage dependent

54
Q

What is the primary function of a CFTR?

A

Secretion of water; found in GI tract and bronchioles, produce mucus

55
Q

Effect of a LOF in CFTR

A

less mucus; cystic fibrosis

56
Q

What is the M.O.A of CFTR

A

Chloride efflux results in parallel flow of Na+, water efflux to balance out osmotic pressure

57
Q

What are two treatments associated with Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Correctors: Lumacaftor
Potentiators: Ivacaftor

58
Q

What is the molecular cause of cholera?

A

GOF CFTR mutation results in excess fluid in the GI tract, leads to dehydration / diarrhea

59
Q

What is the primary ligand for LG Cl channels?

A

Barbituates and benzodiazepines are agonists; other neurotransmitters

60
Q

Primary function of ligand gated chloride channels

A

Hyperpolarization of neurons –> inhibitory neurotransmission

61
Q

What is the function of CIC-1 (Voltage dependent chloride channel)

A

Stabilizes skeletal muscle by correcting any voltage imbalances across a membrane

62
Q

Primary function of CIC-2

A

Muscus secretion in the GI tract

63
Q

Primary function of Ca-activated Chloride channels (THEM16A)

A

Regulates fluid secretion and depolarization, skeletal muscle contraction,

64
Q

Two major nervous system classes

A

CNS and Peripheral

65
Q

What are the three proteins involved in the SNARE complex?

A

Syntaxin-1: Anchored to cell membrane

Synaptobrevin: Anchored to vesicular membrane

SNAP-25: Binding the first two proteins together

66
Q

MOA of botulinum neurotoxins

A

Cleaves C-terminus of SNAP25, prevents vesicle binding and release into synaptic cleft

67
Q

What are the three major classes of neurotransmitter

A

Monoamines: Norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5-HT
Acetylcholine
Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate

68
Q

What are the three types of glutamate receptors?

A

NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate receptors

69
Q

Which glutamate receptor is permeable to both Na and Ca?

A

NMDA

70
Q

Which domain in metabotropic glutamate receptors causes dimerization?

A

venus flytrap domain

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