Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Studying > Midterm 4 > Flashcards

Midterm 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of protein allows ion channels to function?
a. Ion transporters
b. Calcium signal
c. Glycolysis
d. Neurotransmission

A

A. Ion transporter (against the concentration gradient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What determines the membrane potential?

A

Concentration of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What three things are responsible for ion movement across a membrane?

A

Channel permeability, charge, and concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you measure levels of calcium in a cell?

A

Using calcium sensitive dyes such as Rhod-2 or Fluo-4.
Or calmodulin-GFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is calcium concentrated at the cellular level?

A

Outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the major types of Calcium permeable ion channels?

A
  1. Non-selective cation channels (TRP)
  2. Ligand-gated (glutamate, ACh)
  3. Intracellular Ca release channels
  4. Voltage dependent Ca Channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main internal calcium source?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What features make calcium an ideal messenger?
a. Low intracellular concentrations at rest
b. Ability to create rapid on/off signal
c. Many proteins are calcium sensitive
d. A and B
e. A, B, and C

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the primary method of coupling electrical activity to Calcium signaling?

A

Voltage gated calcium channels (increased activity with membrane depolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does polarization affect calcium signaling?

A

Depolarization: Increased signaling

Hyperpolarization: Decreased signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the subunits of a voltage-dependent calcium channel?

A

⍺1 - pore forming unit
Acessory: ß, ⍺2-δ, 𝛾, calmodulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the molecular target of pregabalin and gabapentin and what do they treat?

A

⍺2-δ subunits on Voltage dependent calcium channels. Treats neuropathic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The diabetes drug, glibenclamide, inhibits potassium channels to
depolarize pancreatic beta cells. What effect will this have on the
beta cell?

A. Increase Ca
B. Decrease Ca
C. No change because it is a potassium channel
D. Increase contractility

A

A (depolarization = increased Ca)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the beta subunits on VDCCs?

A

Speed up the rate of VDCC activation, influence drug binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the 𝛾 subunit on VDCCs

A

Regulatory function to decrease a channel currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or False
Calcium channel inhibitors only interact with the pore forming
alpha-1 subunit of VDCCs?
A. True
B. False

A

False; There are many classes of VDCC inhibitors that interact with different parts of the channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False
All calcium channels are voltage dependent and can only be
found in excitable tissues?
A. True
B. False

A

False, many other types of Ca channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are L-type VDCCs located primarily?

A

The cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the physiological effect of Ca channel blockers?

A
  1. Decreased peripheral resistance to decrease blood pressure
  2. Dilate coronary arteries to increase cardiac oxygen supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the general targets for the different Ca channel blockers?

A

Dihydropyridines: Vascular potency > Myocardial suppression

Phenylalkylamines and Benzothiazepines: Vascular:cardiac ~ 1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What conditions do Ca channel blockers treat?

A

Hypertension, Angina, Arrythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of ryanodine receptors?

A

To release calcium from the ER into the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the general structure of Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs)

A

Homotetramer (550-660 kDa)

N-terminus: Cytoplasmic
C-terminus: Pore forming domain

24
Q

How much faster can ryanodine receptors conduct Calcium than L-type channels?

A

50X

25
Q

Where are the three RyR subtypes most commonly found?

A

RyR1: Skeletal muscle
RyR2: Cardiac Muscle
RyR3: Brain

26
Q

How does L-type VDCCs and RyRs interact in skeletal muscle?

A

Activation of VDCCs leads to mechanical opening of ryanodine, leading to contraction

27
Q

What are some diseases associated with RyR mutation?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia
Central Core disease
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

28
Q

How does IP3 modulate IP3 receptors?

A

IP3 disables the feedback inhibition that higher levels of calcium normally exhibit on the channel

29
Q

How many transmembrane domains do IP3 receptor subunits have

A

6

30
Q

What is the structure of an IP3R channel?

A

Tetramer

31
Q

Where are the IP3R subtypes primarily expressed?

A

IP3R1: neurons
IP3R2: Hepatocytes
IP3R3: Epithelial cells (rapidly proliferating)

32
Q

How does ATP effect the activation curve of an IP3R

A

Shifts to the left

33
Q

What are the two major classes of extracellular matrix?

A

Glycoaminoglycans

Fibrous / Adhesive proteins
- add tensile strength and elasticity to ECM

34
Q

Structure of collagen

A

Triple helix of alpha chains

35
Q

What are the four common amino acids in collagen

A

Pro, Gly, HO-Pro, HO-Lys

36
Q

What are the three types of collagen?

A

Fibrillar
Fibril - associated
Network forming

37
Q

What is the role of fibrillar collagen?

A

Tension-bearing structures, Arranged according to tissue function
Mutations = osteogenesis imperfecta

38
Q

What is the major function of fibril-associated collagen

A

mediates fibril-fibril and fibril-ECM interactions

39
Q

What is the major function of network forming collagen?

A

Flexibility

40
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Soluble protein found in the blood, converted by thrombin to fibrin ==> blood clot

41
Q

What are the most prominent ECM drug targets?

A

Lymphocyte integrins and platelet integrins

42
Q

What can targeted antibody therapeutics treat?

A

Acute coronary indications
Multiple Sclerosis
Chron’s Disease

43
Q

What are the advantages / disadvantages of targeted antibodies

A

A: High specificity and affinity

D: High cost of treatment

44
Q

What are the advantages / disadvantages of peptidomimetics?

A

A: Modeling design is easy, natures choice

D: Very low specificity

45
Q

What are the advantages / disadvantages of small molecule drugs (ECM)

A

A: Good drug / pharmacokinetic properties

D: Don’t work well

46
Q

What effects do integrin drugs exert?

A

Anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects

47
Q

What was the first approved anti-platelet integrin drug?

A

Reopro (abciximab)

48
Q

What are the two destinations for blood pumped from the heart?

A

Lungs (right ventricle) and systemic circulation (left ventricle)

49
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Smooth (intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)

Striated muscle (cardiac, skeletal)

50
Q

In order from outside to inside, name the layers of a blood vessel

A

Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica intima

51
Q

What is a major difference in the structure between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries have a thicker layer of smooth muscle used to contract and push blood

52
Q

Why can smooth muscle contract tonically for long periods of time?

A

Slow cross-bridge formation, low energy requirement, high force of contraction

53
Q

What are some things that control vascular tone?

A

Extrinsic: Neural and hormonal signaling

Intrinsic: metabolites, hormones, endothelial factors

54
Q

What are the three hormonal systems that regulate vessel tone?

A

Renin-angiotensin system
Antidiuretic hormone
Adrenaline

55
Q
A

Studying (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions