Pharm exam 1 FINAL REVIEW

Question 1

Chiral

Answer 1

something that has chiral center that can rotate around center, has mirror image of itself.

Question 2

Enantiomer

Answer 2

2 mirror images

e.g. racemic mixtures, may have both compounds present

Question 3

Isomer

Answer 3

Same chemical formula but different structure

Question 4

Kd

Answer 4

Drug concentration at which 1/2 of receptors are bound

Question 5

Low k/d = ?

Answer 5

High drug/receptor affinity

Question 6

k/d does not equal?

Answer 6

EC50, two different concepts

Question 7

Receptors can spontaneously

Answer 7

shift into active configuration

Question 8

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 8

quick tolerance

Question 9

Conventional hybridoma technology antibodies

Answer 9

Takes cancer protein, inject to mouse, mouse makes antibodies, isolate splenic antibodies, combine with tumor cells, makes the antibodies proliferate.

Question 10

Purple denotes

Answer 10

human

Question 11

IND, NDA

Answer 11

Investigational new drug, new drug application

Question 12

Receptors can be ___ or _____ the cell

Answer 12

inside or outside

Question 13

Receptors that we dont know what they do

Answer 13

orphan receptors

Question 14

Inert receptors

Answer 14

Drug carriers, albumin, don’t transmit signal but they hold drug.

Question 15

What does Albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins bind to

Answer 15

Albumin: Acidic
a1-acid: basic
Lipoproteins: neutral drugs

Question 16

Cell surface receptors

Answer 16

Catalytic, ion, GPCRs

Question 17

Intracellular receptors are

Answer 17

lipid soluble drugs

Question 18

GPCRs have ______ desensitization and a _______ response.

Answer 18

rapid; fast

Question 19

Catalytic cell surface receptor example

Answer 19

Tyrosine kinase (TKR)

Question 20

TKRs

Answer 20

Two monomers, dimerize, dimer then activates, using 6 ATPs, tyrosines become phosphorylated, interacts with relay proteins to make a response

Question 21

Hydrophobic molecules binding inside the cell membrane

Answer 21

NO and steroids

Question 22

Permeation

Answer 22

Aqueous diffusion, lipid diffusion, special carriers, endo/exocytosis.

Question 23

Whole blood/plasma volume

Answer 23

5.6L/2.8L per 70kg person.

Question 24

Most important factor of therapeutic monitoring is

Answer 24

clearance

Question 25

Drugs that do not penetrate fat well, you use

Answer 25

IBW

Question 26

Phase 1 reactions

Answer 26

take off groups

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydrogenation

Question 27

Types of CYP450 (oxidation)

Answer 27

3a4 50%, 2D6 20%, 2B6 8%

Question 28

CYP450 pathway

Answer 28

-drug binds to p450
- Series of oxidation reduction reactions
-NADPH oxidizes to NADP+
-flavoprotein is reduced/oxidized,
-p450 is reduced, FE3+ to FE2+
-Oxygen binds to CYP450
-oxygen reduced to water
-Drug has hydroxyl group on it
-Drug becomes more water soluble, from lipophilic to hydrophilic+

Question 29

Phase 2 reactions

Answer 29

attach larger molecules to drug

e.g. glucuronidation, sulfation, glutathione conjugation, glycine

Question 30

Acetaminophen pathway

Answer 30

Glucuronidation, then sulfation if more of it.

if toxic dose ingested, phase 1 reactions come in. Glutathione conjugation can occur to deactive. Toxic reagent nucleophilic binds to proteins in cell and destroys liver cells, leading to liver cell death.

Question 31

how many DNA codes for proteins

Answer 31

1-2%

Question 32

Examples of drugs that need adjustments for genetics

Answer 32

6-MP: TPMT mutations
Warfarin: CYP2C9, poor or rapid metabolizer
Herceptin: tumor overexpressing HER2, target for herceptin therapy.

Question 33

What % of membrane proteins are carrier proteins

Answer 33

15-30%

Question 34

ABC uses

Answer 34

ATP

Question 35

SLC21 uses ______ transport

Answer 35

passive