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Pharmacology > opioids > Flashcards

opioids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endogenous opioids?

A

Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins.

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2
Q

What are the targets of endogenous opioids?

A

Mu, delta, and kappa receptors.

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3
Q

What are DMARDs?

A

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs that reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.

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4
Q

Name a DMARD that targets T-cell activation.

A

Abatacept.

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5
Q

Name a DMARD that depletes B lymphocytes.

A

Rituximab.

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6
Q

Name a DMARD that is anti-TNFα.

A

Adalimumab.

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7
Q

What are A-beta fibers, and what do they transmit?

A

Large, myelinated fibers that transmit non-painful stimuli.

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8
Q

What are A-delta fibers, and what do they transmit?

A

Small, myelinated fibers that transmit sharp pain.

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9
Q

What are C-fibers, and what do they transmit?

A

Unmyelinated fibers that transmit dull, achy pain.

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10
Q

What is the role of the spinothalamic tract in the CNS?

A

Pain perception.

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11
Q

What is the role of the spinoreticular tract in the CNS?

A

Emotional response to pain.

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12
Q

What is the role of the spinomesencephalic tract in the CNS?

A

Pain modulation via the periaqueductal gray (PAG).

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13
Q

How does the PAG suppress pain signals?

A

By releasing endogenous opioids.

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14
Q

What are the components of pain?

A

Sensory (nociceptive) and emotional components.

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15
Q

What neurotransmitter modulates pain signaling?

A

Substance P.

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16
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of opioids?

A

Well-absorbed, metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine.

17
Q

What are the organ system effects of opioids?

A

Analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, constipation.

18
Q

What are specific applications for opioids?

A

Severe pain, obstetrics, acute coronary syndrome, palliative care, and cough suppression.

19
Q

What are the symptoms of opioid toxicity?

A

Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, sedation, nausea.

20
Q

How is opioid toxicity treated?

A

With naloxone.

21
Q

What is tolerance to opioids?

A

A reduced response to repeated doses.

22
Q

What opioid effects develop high tolerance?

A

Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.

23
Q

What opioid effects develop minimal tolerance?

A

Constipation, miosis, convulsions.

24
Q

What are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal?

A

Anxiety, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhea.

25
Q

What are examples of phenanthrene opioids?

A

Morphine and hydromorphone.

26
Q

What are examples of phenylpiperidine opioids?

A

Fentanyl and meperidine.

27
Q

What are examples of phenylheptylamine opioids?

A

Methadone.

28
Q

What are examples of opioid antagonists?

A

Naloxone and naltrexone.

29
Q

What is post-op shivering?

A

Shivering after surgery.

30
Q

How is post-op shivering treated?

A

With meperidine or a serotonin receptor antagonist like ondansetron.

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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