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Pharmacology > Pharm Exam 1 --> Basic Principles > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 1 --> Basic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term “pharmacokinetics.”

A

The study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body, and leaves the body

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics encompasses what 4 major steps of drug movement in the body

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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3
Q

Define the term “pharmacodynamics”

A

The study of the biochemical and physiologic actions of drugs, and their mechanisms of drug action at the cell level and sub-cell level
AKA–> What the drug DOES to the body

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4
Q

The characteristics of the drug molecules influence what?

A

Whether a drug can cross a lipid membrane

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5
Q

T or F, The more lipid soluble, the harder that the drug will cross the membrane

A

False, Easier the drug will cross

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6
Q

T or F, Charged molecules cannot cross membrane

A

True, they must use pores/channels

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7
Q

Which size of a molecule crosses the membrane easily?

A

Small size crosses easily

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8
Q

What is the difference between Enteral and Parenteral routes of administration

A

Enteral = drugs given by this route are placed directly into the GI tract

- Oral
- Rectal

Parenteral = Bypasses the GI tract

- Various injections routes
- Inhalation
- Topical drug administration
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9
Q

Which route of administration has the most rapid response?

A

Intravenous

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10
Q

What are the advantages of the Inhalation route of administration

A
  • No Needles

- Rapid drug access to the circulation via the lungs, local and systemic

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11
Q

Which route of administration has a sustained effect of the drug?

A

Intramuscular

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12
Q

Which route of administration has a predictable response?

A

Intravenous

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13
Q

Differences in local and systemic effects of topical administration

A

Local - does not penetrate intact skin
Systemic - topical corticosteroids, some topically applied local anesthetics

*These effects depend on concentration

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14
Q

Which route of administration is used for Insulin injections for diabetics and PPD test for Tuberculosis?

A

Subcutaneous

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15
Q

Define subcutaneous route of administration

A

Injection of solution beneath layers of skin into the subnormal layers for systemic absorption

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16
Q

Which route of administration may include nitroglycerin for angina?

A

Sublingual - Placed under tongue in the floor of the mouth

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17
Q

Describe Transdermal route of administration

A

A path or something similar that provides slow continuous release of a medication through a semi-permeable membrane

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18
Q

T or F, Transdermal drugs are lipid soluble

A

True, this way they can penetrate the lipid bilayer of the skin

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19
Q

Drugs that are irritating to the GI tract may be better tolerated with which route of administration

A

Intramuscular

20
Q

Describe Intrathecal route of administration

A

Injection of solutions into the spinal subarachnoid space seen in epidurals

21
Q

Describe Intraperitoneal route of administration

A

Places fluid into the peritoneal cavity for exchange of substances

-Form of Dialysis

22
Q

Which route of administration is the cheapest, easiest, and most convenient

A

Oral

23
Q

T or F, Rectal administration is poorly or irregularly absorbed

A

True

24
Q 
Rate of Onset:
IV
IM
Patch
Sublingual
Subcutaneous
Inhalation
Ointments/Sprays
A 
IV: Control rate, continous
IM: deliver large quantity
Patch: Continous delivery, slow release
Sublingual: rapid delivery
Subcutaneous: slow onset
Inhalation: rapid onset
Ointments/sprays: dose control
25
Q

Rate of onset:

  • Tablets/Capsules
  • Solution, syrup, emulsion, tincture, elixir
A

Tablets/Capsules - Slow, unpredictable

Solution,syrup,emulsion,tincture,elixir - control rate, continous

26
Q

4 factors affecting membrane crossing:

A
  1. Lipid solubility - more lipid soluble, easy crossing
  2. Degree of ionization (charge) - charged molecule cannot cross
  3. Molecule size - small size crosses easily
  4. Shape of the drug molecule - molecules can contort to fit through membrane
27
Q

What is the first pass effect of drug metabolism after oral absorption

A
  • Drugs that are administered orally pass from the stomach to the intestine to the portal veins; from portal veins, drugs enter the liver. There are P450 enzymes are located in intestinal epithelium and liver. They metabolize drugs to inactive forms before they have chance to enter the systemic circulation.
  • Drugs given parenterally bypass this effect
28
Q

Define bioavailability

A

The fraction of the administered drug that becomes available in the plasma

29
Q

Which route of administration gives 100% bioavailability

A

Only IV administration

30
Q

FDA mandates that generic drugs must have what % of the availability of the parent compound?

A

90%

-The Bioavailability concept became important with use of generic drugs

31
Q

Drugs occur in what 2 forms in the blood?

A
  1. Bound to plasma proteins
    - No effect
  2. Free or unbound drug
    - Only the free form can pass across cell membranes and exert desired effect
32
Q

Which of the 2 forms in the blood can pass across cell membranes and exert desired effect?

A

Free or unbound drug

33
Q

What drugs pass blood brain barrier?

A

Drugs that are lipid-soluble, very small molecular weight/size, and exert effects on the central nervous system

34
Q

What drugs pass placenta?

A

Most drugs pass easily

Lipid-soluble drugs cross most easily

35
Q

What is drug redistribution for termination of drug activity

A

-Movement of the drug from the site of action to nonspecific sites of action

36
Q

Define biotransformation

A

AKA Drug metabolism

-The body’s way of changing the drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys

37
Q

T or F, the term biotransformation is used to describe the conversion of lipid soluble drugs to water soluble metabolites

A

TRUE ** this had stars by it

38
Q

T or F, Metabolites are less likely to bind to plasma proteins or stored in fat = harder to excrete

A

False, easier to excrete

39
Q

Biotransformation occurs most commonly?

A

Liver (also in kidneys, lungs, nerves, plasma, intestines)

40
Q

Mechanisms of Biotransformation

A
  1. Active to inactive - Most common
    - Inactive drug is formed from the active parent drug
  2. Inactive to active - ‘prodrugs’
    - Inactive parent drug is converted to an active drug after metabolism
  3. Active to active
    - Active parent drug is converted to a second active drug
41
Q

What is the net effect of biotransformation?

A

Makes drug water soluble

42
Q

Discuss the characteristics of the microsomal oxidation enzyme system

A

Endoplasmic like intracellular organelles which possess the enzymes required for biotransformation of most drugs in LIVER hepatocytes

43
Q

List the routes of drug excretion from the body

A 
Kidney -> Urine
Bile --> Gi Tract --> Feces
Sweat
Saliva
Lungs --> Gases; alcohol
Breast Milk
44
Q

Most drugs are cleared by how many half lives?

A

4-5 half lives

- Conversely, it takes approximately 4 to 5 half-lives for a drug to build up to a steady state level

45
Q

Principle organ of drug excretion is what?

A

Kidney

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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