Pharm Exam 1 --> Adverse Drug Events Flashcards
Differentiate between a toxicity reaction and a side effect of a drug
Side effect:
- Many can be tolerated
- Generally reversible
- Dose-related
Toxicity reaction:
- Permanent = microscopic, then macroscopic
- Intolerable
- Cell damage and tissue damage occurs
Define Polypharmacy
Use of multiple medications in a given patient
- 5 or more
Generally used to describe management of older adults
Adverse effects are categorized according to what 2 systems?
A body system
An organ system
Define drug teratogenicity:
Ability of drugs or other agents to cause defects in developing embryo
- Therapeutic benefit outweighs their risk and can still be prescribed
Differences between the FDA pregnancy categories A,B,C,D and X
A=Controlled studies in pregnant women failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus
B=Animal-reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk
C=Studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus, but no data in humans exist
D=There is no positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits of use in pregnant women may be acceptable
X=Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities. Contraindicated in women who are or who may become pregnant
What is Thalidomide?
Sedative used in the 1960s to relieve symptoms of morning sickness. First generation offspring of mothers who took this drug had major limb defects.
-Teratogen
T or F, Teratogenic drugs may still be approved by the FDA with the rationale that their therapeutic benefit outweighs their risk
True
What is pharmacogenetics?
Studies the genetic variability of drug effects
How can misspelled genes affect drug actions?
Misspelled genes that encode differences in drug receptors or CYP metabolizing enzymes can create situations leading to drug adverse reactions or ineffectiveness
Provide 3 examples of how misspelled genes affect drug actions:
- Albuterol (asthma)ineffective in dilating smooth muscle in bronchioles
- Prozac (antidepressant) is metabolized so slowly that it can build to toxic levels
- Isoniazid (treats TB) is metabolized so rapidly that it is ineffective
What is drug idiosyncrasy
Response of the patient to the drug is qualitatively different from the usual or expected response
- Ex: patients given a hypnotic to sleep and they stay awake all night.
In pediatrics, what is dosing based on?
the weight of the children.
T or F, Children have increased membrane permeability, which allows drugs to be absorbed more quickly and more easily
True
T or F, Geriatric patients need a higher dose
False, lower dose
In pathological states such as liver diseases and renal diseases what must happen to the dosing?
They must be reduced
