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Pharmacology 2024 > Pharm Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypokalemia symptoms/abnormalities

A

Gi upset (ileus), dysrhythmias (depressed STs, gives us U-waves)

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1
Q

Hyperkalemia symptoms/abnormalities

A

dysrhythmias, elevated T waves

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2
Q

Hypermagnesemia symptoms/abnormalities

A

hyporeflexia, dec DTRs, depressed respiratory rate, muscle weakness, hypotension

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3
Q

Hypomagnesemia symptoms/abnormalities

A

seizures, hyperreflexia

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4
Q

Special considerations when given potassium via IV route:

A
  • DO NOT PUSH
  • Dilute
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5
Q

the fastest route of administration?

A

IV

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6
Q

the slowest route of medical administration

A

oral

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7
Q

Where to inject an IM injection

A

big large muscle groups

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8
Q

what not to do with sublingual

A

don’t swallow it

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9
Q

Subq administration?

A

rotate sites, 45 vs 90 degrees

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10
Q

Isotonic: Saline 0.9%: purpose and effects

A

for fluid resuscitation, stays in the vascular; can also give lactated ringers

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11
Q

Hypotonic: D5W: purpose and effects

A

(drops sodium level), 0.45% NaCl (fluid goes into tissue cells)

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12
Q

Hypertonic: 3% Saline

A

inc. sodium level very rapidly, pulling from cells into vascular space (fluid out of cells)

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13
Q

best drugs for hypertension during pregnancy aka preclampsia (in order)

A

magnesium first
then Labetalol

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14
Q

what is the “ideal drug”

A

effective, safe, selective

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15
Q

When to give a patient grapefruit juice?

A

NEVER! DON’T BE DUMB
it contradicts and messes up so many meds, better safe than sorry

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16
Q

What is the MONA acronym used for?

A

Goal for treating a heart attack

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17
Q

what does MONA stand for?

A

M – morphine (pain med)
O – oxygen (if needed)
N – Nitro (affects pre-load, so don’t give to r-side, it’ll open up vessels and reduce pre-load)
A – Aspirin (antiplatelet)

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18
Q

4 steps if you give the patient the wrong med

A
  1. Assess! (make sure they’re not dead)
  2. Call the provider
  3. Document VS and that patient is OK
  4. Make sure you call the pharmacy team and ask them what I should watch for – “Are any of their current medications going to interact with what I just accidentally gave them?”
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19
Q

6 patient rights:

A

right patient. …
right medication. …
indication for use. …
right dose. …
right time. …
right route.

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20
Q

which category of drug do you not give to a pregnant woman?

A

category X

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21
Q

which category of drug is safe and good to give a pregnant woman?

A

category A- yay folic acid

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22
Q

what to do before prescribing a woman a medication

A

have them take a pregnancy test! doesn’t matter what they say about their sexual history

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23
Q

best way to ensure patient compliance

A
  • only a once-a-day medication
  • combination drugs
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24
Q

difference between schedule 1 and 2 drugs

A

schedule 1 is not prescribed or used for medical use
schedule 2 is used for medicine

25
Q

what is ROME?

A

respiratory opposite metabolic equal

26
Q

what ABG is needed for metabolic acidosis?

A

PH low
HCO3 low

27
Q

what ABG is needed for metabolic alkalosis

A

PH high
HCO3 high

28
Q

what ABG is needed for respiratory acidosis

A

PH low
PCO2 high

29
Q

what ABG is needed for respiratory alkalosis

A

PH high
PCO2 low

30
Q

normal PH range

A

7.35-7.45

31
Q

normal CO2 range

A

35-45

32
Q

normal HCO3 range

A

22-26

33
Q

where does excretion primarily happen?

A

kidneys

34
Q

what should we do with a dose if someone has renal injury/failure

A

lower the dose

35
Q

medication consideration when a mother is breastfeeding

A

excretion can happen in breast milk too. Make sure it’s safe for both mom AND baby

36
Q

what is the first-pass effect?

A

a phenomenon where medication metabolizes and becomes less strong

37
Q

which medications have a first-pass effect

A

oral meds- metabolize in GI

38
Q

what is a loading dose?

A

giving patients more than possible necessary to hit the therapeutic range faster

39
Q

what do we do after a loading dose?

A

once in the therapeutic range, then we drop the dose down

40
Q

agonist vs antagonist drug

A
  • Agonist: stimulates
  • Antagonist: blocks
41
Q

what is nitro used for?

A

angina aka during heart attack

42
Q

who shouldn’t get nitro and why

A

people on viagra, their BP will drop

43
Q

purpose of ACE inhibitors

A

lower BP

44
Q

ACE inhibitors have unintended side effects

A
  • Unintended: angioedema (will kill you)*, cough
    *stridor and inability to control secretions
45
Q

BEERS criteria

A

-used for geriatric patients
-list of potentially dangerous medications considering the patient

46
Q

what to do if the patient fits the BEERS criteria

A
  • Monitor them closely (don’t take them off just because u want to; not necessarily recommended, but its better for THEM)
47
Q

Digoxin what are the nursing interventions

A

Monitor apical pulse for a full min (must be above 60)
PMI – 5th ICS MCL

48
Q

what is digoxin used for

A

myocardial infarction

49
Q

Which medications are options for ventricular rhythms

A

Ventricular: Lidocaine and amnio

50
Q

Which medications are options for atrial rhythms

A

Atrial: calcium channel blockers and beta blockers

51
Q

Ezetimibe

A

-2nd line drug for cholesterol management
-Used for patients w/ myopathies they have really bad muscle cramps)

52
Q

how to dose for pediatrics

A

BSA body surface area

53
Q

how to dose for geriatrics

A

lowest dose w/ greatest effect

54
Q

what are diuretics used for

A

used for patients with fluid excess

55
Q

Statins – who should be on them? Who should not be prescribed a statin?

A

For high cholesterol (high LDL); pregnant people shout NOT be on statins

56
Q

Adenosine – expected findings and use

A
  • Asystole: blocks cardiac conduction for 10 seconds
  • Used for SVT (supraventricular tachycardia)
    heart stoppy med
57
Q

Side effects of centrally acting Alpha2 (Clonidine)

A
  • Reflex HTN
  • Benefit of med: its oral! (so cool)
58
Q

Calcium channel blockers which ones are mainly used for lower blood pressure peripherally versus controlling the heart rate?

A
  • Verapomil and Cardiziam

which one is which???

59
Q
  • Blood pressure meds usually end with what spelling
A

: end in -pine
(ex. Amlodipine; good for BP management on patients w/ bad kidneys)

60
Q

Diuretics – potassium sparing versus non potassium sparing

A
  • Potassium sparing: spironolactone (NOT. FOR. RENAL. FAILURE)
  • Non sparing: Lasix (monitor; AE: ototoxicity) and hydrochlorothiazide
61
Q

Beta blocker usage – which medications are cardio versus non cardio selective? Why would one be favored over the other?

A

Nonselective: Propanolol (watch for b2 antagonist bronchoconstriction).

selective: Metoprolol, Carvedilol (best for BP; acts on alpha)

HR is expected to decrease w/ beta blockers

Pharmacology 2024 (4 decks)

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