Pharm ch. 14

Question 1

provides energy, promotes growth, and development

Answer 1

Nutrition

Question 2

without it, the metabolic processes of the body begin to either delay or stop

Answer 2

Nutritional support

Question 3

malnutrition and anorexia, could cause decreased organ function, decreased immunity

Answer 3

Inadequate nutrition

Question 4

could be affected by stress, illness, finances, and employment issues

supplemental intakes: puddings, bars, and supplemental nutritional drinks

Answer 4

Oral feeding

Question 5

straight to the GI tract, can be short or long term, given by NG tube or PEG tube

Answer 5

Enteral feeding

Question 6

for those who are ill and who receive feedings into the small intestine

over 24 hrs

Answer 6

continuous feeding

Question 7

every 3 - 6 hrs over 30 - 60 min

given by gravity drip or infusion pump

Answer 7

intermittent feeding

Question 8

very first method that was used for enteral feedings

250 - 400 mL administered via syringe into the tube (a lot at a time)

4 - 6 times a day

Make sure to flush tube before and after feedings, same with medications

Answer 8

Bolus feeding

Question 9

• aspiration pneumonitis
• dehydration
• diarrhea
• constipation

Answer 9

Complications of enteral feedings

Question 10

• HOB should be 30 - 45 degrees during feeding, keep bed elevated for at least 30 - 60 minutes after feeding; risk for aspiration is reduced by elevating HOB
• make sure patient has audible bowel sounds by performing GI assessment w/ auscultation to see if their GI tract is functioning
• ALWAYS monitor for gastric residual volume before initiating tube feedings; 4 - 6 hrs if continuous
• confirm the positioning of new insertion of the tubing
• confirm placement using x-ray
• before each feeding, check for movements of the tubing and listen for gurgling sounds after inserting air into tubing

Answer 10

Safety of enteral feedings

Question 11

Given through IV

Answer 11

Parenteral feeding

Question 12

• hyperglycemia
• hypoglycemia
• air embolism
• infection
• hypervolemia

Answer 12

complications of parenteral feeding

Question 13

Are used synonymously

Answer 13

• parenteral feeding (nutrition)
• total parenteral nutrition
• hyperalimentation

Question 14

one of the most serious life-threatening complications of tube feedings

it happens when contents of the tube feeding go into the lungs of the patient from the GI tract

Answer 14

aspiration pneumonitis

Question 15

diarrhea leads to this complication

can be caused by high-protein
formulas

hyperosmolar solutions draws water out of the cells that leads to serum osmolality

fluid intake must be monitored

for fluid balance, 30 to 35 mL should be maintained unless contraindicated

Answer 15

dehydration

Question 16

complication that is caused by:

rapid administrations of feeding

contamination of formula

low-fiber formulas

tube movement

specific drugs: check them all!!!

it can be managed by reducing the rate of infusion, dilating solution w/ water, changing solution, discontinuing drug, increasing daily water intake, administering enteral solutions that contains fiber

Answer 16

diarrhea

Question 17

another common complication of EN

corrected by changing formula, increasing water, or requesting a laxative

Answer 17

constipation

Question 18

prevents air embolism during dressing, cap, and tubing changes

have the patient turn his or her head in the opposite direction of the insertion site and take a deep breath, hold it, and bear down

ALWAYS keep the clamp on the central line tubing closed unless it’s being used

Answer 18

Valsalva maneuver

Question 19

occurs when the infusion rate is too high

Answer 19

Hyperglycemia

Question 20

fluid abruptions

too much glucose

Answer 20

Hypoglycemia

Question 21

when air goes into central line catheter system

Answer 21

air embolism

Question 22

another enteral feeding method

infused over 8 - 16 hrs

Answer 22

cyclic method

Question 23

contamination and lack of treatment of aseptic technique, catheter, and solution

Answer 23

infection

Question 24

excessive fluid volume

increased iv rate, renal dysfunction, heart and hepatic failure

Answer 24

hypervolemia