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Pharm Unit 2 > Pharm ch. 13 > Flashcards

Pharm ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Intake should be increased by ppl experiencing periods of rapid body growth

A

intake of vitamins

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2
Q

intake of vitamins should be raised by:

A
  • ppl who are discovering periods of fast growth of the body
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding women
  • Patients who have a debilitating illness
  • Ppl who has malabsorption issues (e.g., Crohn disease)
  • Ppl who are in an inadequate diet, such as alcoholics and geriatric patients
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3
Q

Children having poor nutrient intake and malnourished….

A

vitamin replacement

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4
Q

Who could have vitamin deficiencies?

A

Ppl on “fad” or restrictive diets

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5
Q

Who are the typical users of nutritional supplements?

A

older women and ppl who obtain a higher education

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6
Q

what is only available for needs that are specialized such as cholesterol, memory, menopause, and the support of the prostate?

A

several vitamins and herbal meds

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7
Q

Before purchasing herbal meds and several vitamins, what should the patient do?

A

the patient must conversate with their HCP the use and health benefits of several vitamins and herbal medications

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8
Q

When are vitamin supplements NOT needed?

A

a person is in healthy condition and is consuming a well-balanced daily diet on a regular, daily basis

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9
Q

consumption and absorption of sufficient foods, vitamins, and essential minerals that are needed to regulate health

A

Adequate intake (AI)

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10
Q

daily intake of the main nutrient that is estimated to aim for the requirement in 50% of healthy ppl in an age- and sex-specific group

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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11
Q

number of vitamins, nutrients, and other essential nutrients that can be ingested every single day by a normal individual that is involved in average activities

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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12
Q

a level that is maximum of proceeding the daily nutrient intake that is likely to position no risk to the health of majority of those in the age group for which it’s already been identified

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (TUL)

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13
Q

Organic substances that are needed for normal metabolic conditions and for the growth and healing of the tissues.

A

Vitamins

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14
Q

What type of vitamin delays in metabolism and slowly rates in excretion in urine?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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15
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored at?

A
  • liver
  • fatty tissue
  • muscles in a significant amount
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16
Q

which fat-soluble vitamin(s) are toxic if taken in excessive amounts over time?

A

vitamins A and D

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17
Q

What is quite rare, but its symptoms are not very specific?

A

vitamin D toxicity

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18
Q

What if there’s a pregnant female attempting to take vitamin A?

A

they need to maintain the RDA due to excessive amounts resulting in fetal harm

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19
Q

massive doses of vitamin A lead to what?

A

hypervitaminosis

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20
Q

What is vitamin A linked with? Where is vitamin A absorbed and stored?

A
  • Vitamin A is linked with liver disease
  • Vitamin A is absorbed in the GI tract
    it is 90% stored in liver
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21
Q

What is affected by vitamin A toxicity?

A

Several organs especially the liver

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22
Q

Where is vitamin A excreted?

A

via kidneys and feces

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23
Q

RDA for adult males taking vitamin A

A

900 mcg/d

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24
Q

RDA for adult females taking vitamin A

A

700 mcg/d

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25
Q

Pharmacodynamics of vitamin A

A
  • needed for many biochemical processes
  • helps in formation in visual pigment for better night vision
  • improves integrity of the mucosal and epithelial tissues
  • if taken orally, readily absorbed from GI tract and peaks in 3 - 5 hrs
  • DOA unknown
  • available to the human body for days, weeks, and months
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26
Q

retinol, good for eyes, hair, and skin

A

Vitamin A

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27
Q

Dark colored fruits and vegetables

 - carrots
 - cantaloupe
 - mangoes
 - spinach
 - pumpkin
 - sweet potatoes

Natural vitamins are found in animal origins, such as dairy products, meat, fish oil, and fish

A

Food source of vitamin A

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28
Q

Night blindness, which is the early sign and very first indication

Skin lesions and dysfunction of mucus membranes

A

Deficiency of Vitamin A

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29
Q

calcitriol, calcium and phosphorus absorption

important for strengthening the teeth and bones

A

Vitamin D

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30
Q
  • fortified milk
  • cereal
  • eggs
  • fatty fish
  • liver
A

Food source of Vitamin D

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31
Q

rickets in children

osteomalacia in adults

A

Deficiency of Vitamin D

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32
Q

improves RBCs into making them healthy

assess for bleeding

A

Vitamin E

33
Q
  • whole-grain cereals
  • wheat germ
  • sunflower seeds
  • milk
  • eggs
  • meat
  • avocados
  • spinach
  • veggie oils
A

Food source of Vitamin E

34
Q
  • breakdowns, reductions of RBCs
  • peripheral neuropathies
  • ataxia
  • retinopathy
  • immune response impairment
A

Deficiency of Vitamin E

35
Q

improves blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

36
Q

leafy green veggies: broccoli, brussel sprouts, collard greens

some meats and dairy include liver, cheese, egg yolk, and veggie oil

A

Food source of Vitamin K

37
Q

highly increased clotting time results in high risks for increased bleeding

hemorrhage also occurs

A

Deficiency of Vitamin K

38
Q

which type of vitamin is:

  • not usually toxic unless taken in excessive amounts
  • not stored by the body, and steady supplementation is needed
  • are readily excreted in the urine
  • protein-binding is minimal?
A

Water-soluble vitamins

39
Q

improves energy such as carbohydrate metabolism

mandatory for improving functions of nervous system

A

vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

40
Q
  • enriched, whole-grain
  • legumes
  • cereal grains

richest source: pork

A

Food source of B1

41
Q

improves functioning of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

needed for tissue integrity and normal RBC function

A

vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

42
Q
  • milk
  • enriched flour
  • green veggies
  • yogurt
  • eggs
    -nuts
  • cheese
  • meats
  • organ meats, DEFINITELY a must!! (e.g., liver and kidney)
A

Food source of B2

43
Q

helps w/ nervous system and energy reproducing reactions

A

vitamin B3 (Niacin)

44
Q
  • animal and plant protein
  • liver
  • peanuts
  • mushrooms
  • whole wheat
  • enriched grains
  • green veggies
  • unpolished rice
A

Food source of B3

45
Q

improves DNA synthesis

prevents certain anemias

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

46
Q
  • leafy green veggies
  • yellow fruits and veggies
  • yeast
  • organ meats
  • black-eyed peas
  • lentils
A

Food source of B9

47
Q

reduction of WBC count and clotting factors, along w/ anemias

depression

alcoholism

intestinal disturbances

A

Deficiency of B9

48
Q

needed for amino acids, carbohydrates, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and formation of RBCs

A

vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

49
Q
  • cereal grains
  • meat
  • fish
  • veggies
  • legumes
  • white potatoes
  • organ meats
A

Food source of B6

50
Q

neuritis

convulsions

seborrheic dermatitis

anemia

depression

confusion

alcoholism

A

deficiency of B6

51
Q
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
  • CNS, metabolic, and neurologic disorders
  • alcoholism
  • ataxia
  • diplopia
  • cardiovascular complications
  • beriberi
  • encephalomyelopathy
A

deficiency of B1

52
Q

ingest in IF

plays a role as nucleic acid to assist RBCs

aids in functioning of nervous system

helps w/ making DNA in our cells

A

vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

53
Q
  • liver
  • kidney
  • fish
  • dairy products
  • eggs
  • chicken
  • meat
A

food source of B12

54
Q

low levels involve GI disorders, poor growth, neurologic damage from anemias, and pernicious anemias

deficiency may be located in strict vegans

Iron reticulocyte, Hct, folate and B12 concentrations lab works should be proven before treatment

A

deficiency of B12

55
Q

for body function

iron, zinc, copper, chromium, and selenium

A

minerals

56
Q

Ferrous sulfate

treats iron deficiency anemia

vital for hemoglobin regeneration

A

Iron

57
Q

liver

lean meats

egg yolks

dried beans

green veggies

fruit

A

Food source of Iron

58
Q

fatigue

weakness

shortness of breath

pallor

increased GI bleeding when it comes to severe anemia

A

signs and symptoms of Iron

59
Q

needed for mental activity, skin integrity, testicular maturation, and wound healing

A

Zinc

60
Q

beef

lamb

eggs

leafy and root veggies

A

Food source of Zinc

61
Q

most common deficiency: lost in patient’s stool

lost of taste and smell

large amounts lead to toxicity

A

deficiency of Zinc

62
Q

needed for RBC formation and connective tissues

A

Copper

63
Q

shellfish

liver

kidneys

brain

cornea

A

Food sources of Copper

64
Q

reduction in WBC count and glucose intolerance

reduction in hair and skin pigmentation

mental retardation in children

A

deficiency of copper

65
Q

improves carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid metabolism in the body

improves chromium deficiency

A

Chromium

66
Q

toxicity leads to GI bleeding, coagulopathy, seizures, and pulmonary dysfunction

A

signs and symptoms of chromium

67
Q

low blood sugar

dizziness

need for frequent meals

sleepiness at odd times

craving for sweet food

excessive thirst

A

deficiencies of chromium

68
Q

related to sulfur

plays roles in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection

A

Selenium

69
Q

meats

seafood

poultry

grains

ESPECIALLY liver

A

food sources of selenium

70
Q

excessive doses would involve hair loss, dermatitis, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain

garlic-like odor from skin and breath may occur

A

signs and symptoms of selenium

71
Q
  • sore throat
  • dry/cracked corners of mouth
  • pellagra
  • microcytic anemia
  • alcoholism
  • hyperlipidemia
A

deficiency of B2

72
Q
  • very rough skin (pellagra)
  • flushing of face and neck
  • pruritus
  • abdominal pain
  • hepatotoxicity
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • blurred vision
  • memory loss
  • anorexia
  • insomnia
  • orthostatic hypertension
  • alcoholism
A

deficiency of B3

73
Q

meats

whole-grain cereals

brewer’s yeast

A

food sources of chromium

74
Q

hypothyroidism

muscle weakness

myalgia

myositis

increased erythrocyte fragility

pancreatic degeneration

macrocytosis

pseudoalbinism

A

deficiency of selenium

75
Q

free radical antioxidant

absorption of iron

wound healing

carb metabolism

high doses treat sepsis and trauma

improves tissue repair and growth

needed for formation of collagen

A

Vitamin C

76
Q

citrus fruits

cantaloupe

tomatoes

leafy green veggies

green peppers

potatoes

strawberries

kiwi fruit

A

food source of vitamin C

77
Q

leads to poor wound healing, bleeding gums, scurvy, and faulty bone and tooth development

prevalence in critical illness

no adverse reaction

A

deficiencies of vitamin C

78
Q

improves biochemical processes

A

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

79
Q

observed in conjunction with other vitamin Bs

A

deficiencies of B5

Pharm Unit 2 (4 decks)

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