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Pharm Unit 2 > Pharm ch. 13 > Flashcards

Pharm ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Intake should be increased by ppl experiencing periods of rapid body growth

A

intake of vitamins

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2
Q

intake of vitamins should be raised by:

A
  • ppl who are discovering periods of fast growth of the body
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding women
  • Patients who have a debilitating illness
  • Ppl who has malabsorption issues (e.g., Crohn disease)
  • Ppl who are in an inadequate diet, such as alcoholics and geriatric patients
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3
Q

Children having poor nutrient intake and malnourished….

A

vitamin replacement

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4
Q

Who could have vitamin deficiencies?

A

Ppl on “fad” or restrictive diets

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5
Q

Who are the typical users of nutritional supplements?

A

older women and ppl who obtain a higher education

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6
Q

what is only available for needs that are specialized such as cholesterol, memory, menopause, and the support of the prostate?

A

several vitamins and herbal meds

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7
Q

Before purchasing herbal meds and several vitamins, what should the patient do?

A

the patient must conversate with their HCP the use and health benefits of several vitamins and herbal medications

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8
Q

When are vitamin supplements NOT needed?

A

a person is in healthy condition and is consuming a well-balanced daily diet on a regular, daily basis

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9
Q

consumption and absorption of sufficient foods, vitamins, and essential minerals that are needed to regulate health

A

Adequate intake (AI)

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10
Q

daily intake of the main nutrient that is estimated to aim for the requirement in 50% of healthy ppl in an age- and sex-specific group

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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11
Q

number of vitamins, nutrients, and other essential nutrients that can be ingested every single day by a normal individual that is involved in average activities

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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12
Q

a level that is maximum of proceeding the daily nutrient intake that is likely to position no risk to the health of majority of those in the age group for which it’s already been identified

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (TUL)

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13
Q

Organic substances that are needed for normal metabolic conditions and for the growth and healing of the tissues.

A

Vitamins

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14
Q

What type of vitamin delays in metabolism and slowly rates in excretion in urine?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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15
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored at?

A
  • liver
  • fatty tissue
  • muscles in a significant amount
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16
Q

which fat-soluble vitamin(s) are toxic if taken in excessive amounts over time?

A

vitamins A and D

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17
Q

What is quite rare, but its symptoms are not very specific?

A

vitamin D toxicity

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18
Q

What if there’s a pregnant female attempting to take vitamin A?

A

they need to maintain the RDA due to excessive amounts resulting in fetal harm

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19
Q

massive doses of vitamin A lead to what?

A

hypervitaminosis

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20
Q

What is vitamin A linked with? Where is vitamin A absorbed and stored?

A
  • Vitamin A is linked with liver disease
  • Vitamin A is absorbed in the GI tract
    it is 90% stored in liver
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21
Q

What is affected by vitamin A toxicity?

A

Several organs especially the liver

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22
Q

Where is vitamin A excreted?

A

via kidneys and feces

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23
Q

RDA for adult males taking vitamin A

A

900 mcg/d

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24
Q

RDA for adult females taking vitamin A

A

700 mcg/d

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25
Pharmacodynamics of vitamin A
- needed for many biochemical processes - helps in formation in visual pigment for better night vision - improves integrity of the mucosal and epithelial tissues - if taken orally, readily absorbed from GI tract and peaks in 3 - 5 hrs - DOA unknown - available to the human body for days, weeks, and months
26
retinol, good for eyes, hair, and skin
Vitamin A
27
Dark colored fruits and vegetables - carrots - cantaloupe - mangoes - spinach - pumpkin - sweet potatoes Natural vitamins are found in animal origins, such as dairy products, meat, fish oil, and fish
Food source of vitamin A
28
Night blindness, which is the early sign and very first indication Skin lesions and dysfunction of mucus membranes
Deficiency of Vitamin A
29
calcitriol, calcium and phosphorus absorption important for strengthening the teeth and bones
Vitamin D
30
- fortified milk - cereal - eggs - fatty fish - liver
Food source of Vitamin D
31
rickets in children osteomalacia in adults
Deficiency of Vitamin D
32
improves RBCs into making them healthy assess for bleeding
Vitamin E
33
- whole-grain cereals - wheat germ - sunflower seeds - milk - eggs - meat - avocados - spinach - veggie oils
Food source of Vitamin E
34
- breakdowns, reductions of RBCs - peripheral neuropathies - ataxia - retinopathy - immune response impairment
Deficiency of Vitamin E
35
improves blood clotting
Vitamin K
36
leafy green veggies: broccoli, brussel sprouts, collard greens some meats and dairy include liver, cheese, egg yolk, and veggie oil
Food source of Vitamin K
37
highly increased clotting time results in high risks for increased bleeding hemorrhage also occurs
Deficiency of Vitamin K
38
which type of vitamin is: - not usually toxic unless taken in excessive amounts - not stored by the body, and steady supplementation is needed - are readily excreted in the urine - protein-binding is minimal?
Water-soluble vitamins
39
improves energy such as carbohydrate metabolism mandatory for improving functions of nervous system
vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
40
- enriched, whole-grain - legumes - cereal grains richest source: pork
Food source of B1
41
improves functioning of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats needed for tissue integrity and normal RBC function
vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
42
- milk - enriched flour - green veggies - yogurt - eggs -nuts - cheese - meats - organ meats, DEFINITELY a must!! (e.g., liver and kidney)
Food source of B2
43
helps w/ nervous system and energy reproducing reactions
vitamin B3 (Niacin)
44
- animal and plant protein - liver - peanuts - mushrooms - whole wheat - enriched grains - green veggies - unpolished rice
Food source of B3
45
improves DNA synthesis prevents certain anemias
Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
46
- leafy green veggies - yellow fruits and veggies - yeast - organ meats - black-eyed peas - lentils
Food source of B9
47
reduction of WBC count and clotting factors, along w/ anemias depression alcoholism intestinal disturbances
Deficiency of B9
48
needed for amino acids, carbohydrates, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and formation of RBCs
vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
49
- cereal grains - meat - fish - veggies - legumes - white potatoes - organ meats
Food source of B6
50
neuritis convulsions seborrheic dermatitis anemia depression confusion alcoholism
deficiency of B6
51
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome - CNS, metabolic, and neurologic disorders - alcoholism - ataxia - diplopia - cardiovascular complications - beriberi - encephalomyelopathy
deficiency of B1
52
ingest in IF plays a role as nucleic acid to assist RBCs aids in functioning of nervous system helps w/ making DNA in our cells
vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
53
- liver - kidney - fish - dairy products - eggs - chicken - meat
food source of B12
54
low levels involve GI disorders, poor growth, neurologic damage from anemias, and pernicious anemias deficiency may be located in strict vegans Iron reticulocyte, Hct, folate and B12 concentrations lab works should be proven before treatment
deficiency of B12
55
for body function iron, zinc, copper, chromium, and selenium
minerals
56
Ferrous sulfate treats iron deficiency anemia vital for hemoglobin regeneration
Iron
57
liver lean meats egg yolks dried beans green veggies fruit
Food source of Iron
58
fatigue weakness shortness of breath pallor increased GI bleeding when it comes to severe anemia
signs and symptoms of Iron
59
needed for mental activity, skin integrity, testicular maturation, and wound healing
Zinc
60
beef lamb eggs leafy and root veggies
Food source of Zinc
61
most common deficiency: lost in patient's stool lost of taste and smell large amounts lead to toxicity
deficiency of Zinc
62
needed for RBC formation and connective tissues
Copper
63
shellfish liver kidneys brain cornea
Food sources of Copper
64
reduction in WBC count and glucose intolerance reduction in hair and skin pigmentation mental retardation in children
deficiency of copper
65
improves carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acid metabolism in the body improves chromium deficiency
Chromium
66
toxicity leads to GI bleeding, coagulopathy, seizures, and pulmonary dysfunction
signs and symptoms of chromium
67
low blood sugar dizziness need for frequent meals sleepiness at odd times craving for sweet food excessive thirst
deficiencies of chromium
68
related to sulfur plays roles in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection
Selenium
69
meats seafood poultry grains ESPECIALLY liver
food sources of selenium
70
excessive doses would involve hair loss, dermatitis, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain garlic-like odor from skin and breath may occur
signs and symptoms of selenium
71
- sore throat - dry/cracked corners of mouth - pellagra - microcytic anemia - alcoholism - hyperlipidemia
deficiency of B2
72
- very rough skin (pellagra) - flushing of face and neck - pruritus - abdominal pain - hepatotoxicity - headache - dizziness - blurred vision - memory loss - anorexia - insomnia - orthostatic hypertension - alcoholism
deficiency of B3
73
meats whole-grain cereals brewer's yeast
food sources of chromium
74
hypothyroidism muscle weakness myalgia myositis increased erythrocyte fragility pancreatic degeneration macrocytosis pseudoalbinism
deficiency of selenium
75
free radical antioxidant absorption of iron wound healing carb metabolism high doses treat sepsis and trauma improves tissue repair and growth needed for formation of collagen
Vitamin C
76
citrus fruits cantaloupe tomatoes leafy green veggies green peppers potatoes strawberries kiwi fruit
food source of vitamin C
77
leads to poor wound healing, bleeding gums, scurvy, and faulty bone and tooth development prevalence in critical illness no adverse reaction
deficiencies of vitamin C
78
improves biochemical processes
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
79
observed in conjunction with other vitamin Bs
deficiencies of B5

Pharm Unit 2 (4 decks)

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