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Pharm Exam 2 > Pharm Ch 12 and 13: Cholinergic and Adrenergic > Flashcards

Pharm Ch 12 and 13: Cholinergic and Adrenergic Flashcards

1
Q

two divisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral

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2
Q

CNS consists of what

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

3 basic functions of of the nervous system

A

• Monitor the internal and external environments for changes.
• Process and integrate the environmental changes that are perceived.
• React to the environmental changes by producing an action or response.

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4
Q

In the PNS, neurons either:

A

recognize changes (sensory division)
respond to changes by moving muscles and secreting chemicals (motor division)

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5
Q

somatic nervous system consists of nerves that provide ___ control over skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system exert ___ control over the contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle

A

involuntary

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7
Q

organs and tissues regulated by neurons from ANS include:

A

heart, digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tracts, arteries, salivary glands, and portions of the eye.

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8
Q

ANS two divisions:

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic

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9
Q

“rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic division

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10
Q

“fight or flight”

A

sympathetic division

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11
Q

parasympathetic functions

A

-constrict pupils
-stimulate salivation
-slows HR
-constricts bronchioles
-stimulate digestion
-stimulates gallbladder function
-contracts bladder
-stimulate erection and vaginal lubrication

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12
Q

sympathetic functions

A

-dilates pupils
-inhibits salivation
-accelerates HR
-dilate bronchioles
-inhibits digestion
-stimulates release of glucose
-secretes epi and norepi
-relaxes bladder
-stimulates ejaculation and orgasm

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13
Q

two primary neurotransmitters of the ANS

A

acetylcholine (ACh)
norepinephrine (NE)

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14
Q

neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

parasympathetic pathway:

A

ACh is released at both ganglia and effector organ

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16
Q

sympathetic pathway:

A

ACh is released at the ganglia and NE at the effector organ

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17
Q

parasympathetic to ___ receptors

A

cholinergic

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18
Q

sympathetic to ___ receptors

A

adrenergic

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19
Q

Actions of drugs affecting the parasympathetic nervous system are classified based on two possible actions.

A
  1. stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
  2. inhibition of parasympathetic nervous system
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20
Q

drugs that stimulate PNS

A

cholinergic
parasympathomimetics

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21
Q

drugs that inhibit PNS

A

cholinergic-blocking
anticholinergics

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22
Q

inhibits enzyme and allows Ach to avoid destruction and last long to prolong action

A

(Acetyl)Cholinesterase inhibitors

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23
Q

usually means an enzyme is present

A

Ase

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24
Q

a substance produce in a living organism that has a job to processes a chemical in the body

A

Enzyme

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25
enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine = stops transmission of the signal
Cholinesterase
26
is the messenger (neurotransmitter) that makes the action between neurons happen
Acetylcholine
27
A cholinesterase inhibitor’s job is
to stop the enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine
28
what occurs when a patient is given too much cholinergic medication
cholinergic crisis
29
signs of intense parasympathetic stimulation include:
hypersalivation small pupils muscle twitching unusual paleness sweating muscle weakness difficulty breathing
30
cholinergic crisis is treated with:
atropine
31
direct acting parasympathomimetic
bethanechol (urecholine)
32
uses of bethanechol (urecholine) (parasympathomimetic)
increasing smooth-muscle tone and muscular contractions in the GI tract following general anesthesia it is used to treat non-obstructive urinary retention in patients with atony (lack of muscle tone) of the bladder.
33
side effects of bethanechol (urecholine) (parasympathomimetic)
increased salivation, sweating, abdominal cramping, and hypotension that could lead to fainting
34
contraindications of bethanechol (urecholine) (parasympathomimetic)
Patients with asthma, epilepsy, parkinsonism, hyperthyroidism, peptic ulcer disease, or bradycardia should not use this drug.
35
with admin of bethanechol (urecholine) monitor for: (parasympathomimetic)
Monitor blood pressure, pulse, and respirations before administration and for at least 1 hour after subcutaneous administration.
36
labs for bethanechol (urecholine) (parasympathomimetic)
kidney and liver
37
anticholinergics functions
-opposite of cholinergics -block the action of ACh •Anticholinergics act by competing with ACh for binding with muscarinic receptors •When anticholinergics occupy these receptors, cholinergic responses are blocked at the effector organs. •Suppressing the effects of ACh causes sympathetic nervous system actions to predominate. •therapeutic uses: mydriasis (dilation of the pupils), increase in heart rate, drying of glandular secretions, and relaxation of the bronchi (asthma treatment). Note that these are also effects of sympathetic activation (fight-or-flight response).
38
therapeutic uses of anticholinergics include:
-GI disorders -ophthalmic procedures -cardiac ryhthm abnormalities -anesthesia adjuncts -asthma and COPD -overactive bladder -Parkinson's disease
39
anticholinergic side effects
•tachycardia, •CNS stimulation, •cause urinary retention in men with prostate disorders. •Adverse effects such as dry mouth and dry eyes, occur due to blockade of muscarinic receptors on salivary glands and lacrimal glands, respectively. •Block sweating
40
symptoms of cholinergic crisis
fever visual changes difficulty swallowing psychomotor agitation hallucinations.
41
atropine classes
therapeutic: antidote for anticholinersterase poisoning pharm: muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker
42
atropine blocks the parasympathetic actions of:
ACh and induces symptoms of the fight-or-flight response.
43
prominent symptoms of atropine
increased heart rate bronchodilation decreased motility in the GI tract mydriasis decreased secretions from glands
44
side effects of atropine
dry mouth constipation urinary retention increased heart rate
45
assessment of patient with atropine
•Assess for desired therapeutic effects •Continue frequent and careful monitoring of vital signs and urinary output and cardiac monitoring as appropriate. •Assess for and promptly report adverse effects: tachycardia, hypertension, dysrhythmias, tremors, dizziness, headache, or decreased urinary output. Seizures or ventricular tachycardia may signal drug toxicity and should be immediately reported.
46
sympathetic neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
47
catecholamines class of neurotransmitters, also includes epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and dopamine – produced in the adrenal glands.
norepinephrine
48
receptors for sympathetic nerve pathways
adrenergic
49
releases epinephrine into the bloodstream to target organs to begin the fight or flight response.
adrenal medulla
50
neurotransmitter that controls response to sensory information for example when you touch a hot stove or crave sugar
Dopamine
51
dopamine roles
•Motor control •Emotions (pleasure or dislike) •Thought-processing •A dopamine imbalance can lead to a loss of motor control (such as Parkinson’s disease), addiction, ADHD, and schizophrenia.
52
Within minutes of being stressed adrenaline is released and causes
•Increased heart rate •Increase the amount of blood pumping from your heart •Increased blood pressure •increase blood sugar (glucose) levels to give your body more energy. •Norepinephrine also plays a role in managing the ability to focus
53
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and induce symptoms characteristic of the fight-or-flight response.
adrenergic drugs sympathomimetics
54
the actions of sympathomimetics are ___ than anticholinergics
more specific and have wider therapeutic application
55
albuterol primary uses adrenergics
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
56
clonidine primary uses adrenergics
HTN, ADHD, pain
57
ephedrine primary uses adrenergic
appetite suppression, decongestant, reversal of hypotensive anesthesia
58
epinephrine primary uses adrenergic
cardiac arrest, asthma, anaphylactic and allergic reactions
59
Neo Synephrine classes
therapeutic: nasal decongestant; mydriatic drug; antihypotensive pharm: adrenergic (sympathomimetic)
60
admin of neo synephrine
intranasal and topical
61
inhibit the sympathetic nervous system and produce many of the same rest-and-digest symptoms as the parasympathomimetics.
adrenergic-blocking antagonist
62
atenolol primary uses adrenergic-blocking
HTN angina acute MI
63
carvedilol primary uses adrenergic-blocking
HTN HF acute MI
64
metoprolol primary uses adrenergic-blocking
HTN acute MI HF
65
prazosin primary uses adrenergic-blocking
HTN
66
used for their effects on vascular smooth muscle
alpha-adrenergic antagonists
67
most common adverse effect of alpha blockers
orthostatic hypotension
68
decrease the rate and force of contraction of the heart and slow electrical conduction through the atrioventricular node.
beta blockers
69
primary use of beta blockers
HTN
70
by decreasing cardiac workload, beta blockers can treat:
migraines angina
71
my electrical conduction, beta blockers treat:
dysrythmias HF MI glaucoma
72
adverse effects of bethanechol
bradycardia, hypotension, dysrhythmias, tremors, dizziness, headache, dyspnea, decreased urinary output, abdominal pain, or changes in mental status.
73
atropine decreases levels of what drug
levodopa
74
atropine should not be administered to patients with:
obstructive disorders of the GI tract paralytic ileus bladder neck obstruction benign prostatic hyperplasia myasthenia gravis cardiac insufficiency acute hemorrhage.
75
adverse effects of atropine
tachycardia hypertension dysrhythmias tremors dizziness headache decreased urinary output.
76
alpha 1 responses
constriction of blood vessels dilation of pupils
77
alpha 2 responses
inhibition of release of norepinephrine
78
beta 1 responses
increased HR and force of contraction release of renin
79
beta 2 responses
inhibition of smooth muscle
80
beta 3 responses
lipolysis relaxation of detrusor muscle
81
alpha 1 receptor uses
Treatment of nasal congestion or hypotension; causes dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) during ophthalmic examinations.
82
alpha 2 receptor uses
Treatment of hypertension through a centrally acting mechanism. Autonomic alpha2 receptors are also located on presynaptic membranes of postganglionic neurons; when activated, they reduce the release of NE within the axon terminal.
83
beta 1 receptor uses
Treatment of cardiac arrest, heart failure, and shock.
84
beta 2 receptor uses
Treatment of bronchoconstriction, asthma, and preterm labor contractions.
85
beta 3 receptor uses
Treatment of overactive bladder.
86
function of beta-adrenergic antagonists
may block beta 1 and 2 receptors
87
alpha 1 primary locations
all sympathetic target organs except the heart
88
alpha 2 primary locations
presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals
89
beta 1 primary locations
heart and kidneys
90
beta 2 primary locations
all sympathetic target organs expect the heart
91
beta 3 primary locations
adipose tissue urinary bladder

Pharm Exam 2 (7 decks)

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