Pharm- Autonomic Flashcards
List catecholamines and where they’re produced
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
produced/released by adrenal glands
Large doses of catecholamines can produce which CNS effects
anxiety, tremors, HA
Catecholamines work on the smooth muscle of the GI tract to (contract or relax)
relax smooth muscle
Net effect of alpha and beta receprots:
vasoconstriction and cardiac stimulation
Norepinephrine selectively activates:
effect on vasculature:
activates α1 over α2 and ß1 and little effect on ß2
↑BP, ↑peripheral resistance
Which neurotransmitter is used in the treatment of shock with renal failure?
Dopamine
(precursor to NE)
Effect on NE of sympathomimetic drugs:
release stored NE or inhibit reuptake
(amphetamine, cocaine, ephedrine)
OTC cold remedies may contain phenylephidrine, which can cause which AE:
Hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina
Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex, and it will have what effect on sodium in the kidneys, which will do what to plasma volume?
conserve sodium, increase plasma volume
Prostaglandins counteract vasoconstriction in the kidneys. What do NSAIDs do to prostaglandins?
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis: can lead to renal faiulre and exacerbate HTN in those with cirrhosis, heart failure, etc.
This class of diuretic works on the ascending loop of Henle to keep electrolytes from being reabsorbed, and includes furosemide.
Loop diuretics
AE: dehydration, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, ototoxicity, hyperglycemia, increased LDLs
What diuretic class is used for those who are at risk of renal calculi, and does not have the risk of bone density loss?
Thiazide
hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
Which class of diuretic can result in hyperkalemia, gynecomastia or menstrual irregularities (as well as nausea, lethargy, mental confusion)
Potassium sparing diuretics
spironolactone (Aldactone)
Flattened T waves, nausea, muscle weakness, fatigue, leg cramps, polyuria, hypotension, excessive sweating, mental status change all may indicate:
Hypokalemia
Diuretics can cause which 2 conditions that can both trigger arrhythmia, syncope, and cardiac arrest?
Hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
increased thirst, HA, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, frequent urination are diuretic signs of which condition:
hyperglycemia
(problem for diabetics)
Meds that block only ß1 and not ß2 receptors will slow the heart, but not have an affect on:
the Lungs
Ca channel blockers are used when ___ are contraindicated
beta blockers
Abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockers can trigger:
arrhythmia, angina, MI
When on beta-blockers, monitor for signs of
◦Dyspnea, peripheral edema, increased weight, jugular distention, decreased urine output
which may indicate:
Congestive Heart Failure
Beta-blockers may mask symptoms of:
Hypoglycemia
α1 receptor agonists work to (vasoconstrict or vasodilate) vascular smooth muscle
vasoconstrict
Common AE for α2 agonists:
dizzy, drowsy, sleepy, HA
Which class of hypertension treatment has a serious risk of rebound hypertension if abruptly stopped?
Central-acting alpha agonists
clonidine
The RAAS inhibitor group includes 3 inhibitors:
DRI: direct renin inhibitor
ACEi = angiotensin I converting inhibitor
ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker
Common ending “-pril” used for what meds:
ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors block conversion of what
antiogensin I to angiotensin II
“-pril” meds have what common side effect, and what rare but serious side effect:
ACE inhib
common: dry cough (also hypotension, dizziness, hyperkalemia)
rare: acute renal failure (and angioedema)
“-sartan” common ending for which class
ARBs
-"sartan" class works by inhibiting the binding of \_\_\_\_. Does this class produce dry cough?
ARB inhibit binding of angiotensin II.
NO dry cough
In hypertensive patients, heat can cause:
syncope
