Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D&D Infectious Disease Midterm > Pharm - Antimicrobial Intro > Flashcards

Pharm - Antimicrobial Intro Flashcards

1
Q

define antibiotic

A

molecule that kills OR stops (arrests)growth of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

further classify “chemotherapeutics”

A

includes anticancer and antimicrobials

antimicrobials include antibiotics, as well as anti viral, antifungal, anti parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false

antibiotics are SPECIFICALLY antibacteria

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

true or false

antimicrobials include solely antibiotics

A

FALSE

also antifungals, anti parasites, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name 5 bacterial/fungal/viral targets

A

enzymes
DNA synthesis
metabolism
cell wall
ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the methods of DNA synthesis in bacteria

A

could be chromosomal or plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

true or false

humans and bacteria have relatively the same enzymes

A

false - different

that’s why they can be a target for antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is it important to design antibiotics to target bacterial-specific features

A

to limit human toxicity

we don’t want to target and kill/suppress growth of our own cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name 3 things that can be a “reservoir” for the causative agent (bacteria/fungus/virus)

A

animal
plant
inanimate object (fomite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name 4 ways the causative agent can exit the reservoir

A

blood
intestinal tract
respiratory tract
skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name 3 things that make a host susceptible to infection

A

age
chronic illness
immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the “vector” mode of transmission

A

through animals/insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name 5 “portals of entry” for the causative agent

A

blood
intestinal tract
respiratory tract
non-intact skin
mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is antimicrobial susceptibility testing

A

you obtain a specimen from the patient and check its susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents to see which antibiotic will work for the infeciton

involved with antimicrobial stewardship to prevent resistance. want to choose the correct drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

explain what “MIC” and “MBC” are

A

MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration. it is the lowest concentration of the medicinal agent that prevents visible growth

MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration. same concept, this term is just used if the antibiotic is bacterioCIDAL and not static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name 3 methods of susceptibility testing

A

broth/agar dilution
disk diffusion (kirby-bauer method)
gradient diffusion (Etest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

who defines the 3 methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing

A

USp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is “ZOI”

A

used in disk diffusion/Kirby-Bauer test of antimicrobial suceptibility

refers to the diameter of the “clear” area around the antimicrobial disk in which the antibiotic was killed/growth was inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Drug A has large ZOI
Drug B has small ZOI

which drug is better suited for the patient’s infection

A

Drug A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain the specializes assay for seeing if a patient has beta lactamase, and thus resistance to beta lactams

A

uses a chromogenic beta lactam substrate

if the beta lactam ring is cleaved and the pt does in fact have beta lactamase, the cells will turn BLUE. if not, they will be green as the molecule is still intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain how you can use a specialized assay to test for MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus)

A

PBP2 exists in a patient in which staph aureus is susceptible to methicillin

however, in MRSA, this protein is instead a LOW AFFINITY PBP – called 2’ (2a) or PBP2’ (PBP2a)

this is extracted from MRSA and mixed with a latex reagant + a monoclonal antibody against PBP2a. If CLUMPS FORM, it indicates MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which antigen is used to diagnose strep throat

A

Strep A ohydrate antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name 3 different ways in which antibiotics can be classified

A

-the class and spectrum of the microorganism it kills

-the biochemical pathway it interferes with

-the chemical structure of its pharmacophore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

as mentioned, 1 way antibiotics can be classified as as the “class and spectrum” of the microorganism it kills

give an example

A

antibacterial broad spectrum

or

antibacterial gram positive/negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how can antibiotics be classified based on the “biochemical pathway it interferes with”

A

ie: protein synthesis inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how can antibiotics be classified based on the “chemical structure” of its pharmacophore

A

ie: beta lactam antibacterial or aminoglycoside or glycopeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

true or false

there are MANY biochemical processes of bacteria that antibiotics can interfere with

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

bactericidal - has direct action on bacteria and kills/lyses them

bacteriostatic - does NOT directly kill, but inhibits growth/reproduction, but doesn’t directly kill

they essentially slow the growth of bacteria so that the IMMUNE SYSTEM can destroy/kill them

29
Q

explain HOW bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacteria

A

they target biochemical pathways involved in assembling the CELL WALL

the result is that the bacteria produce a cell wall which is either missing components or has altered components. as they continue dividing and reproducing, each division has a weaker and weaker cell wall

eventually, the integrity fails and the cells lyse and the bacteria die

30
Q

explain in which patients bactericidal antibiotics are important in and why

A

immunocompromised people (ie: HIV) and for certain infections like meningitis

generally, we want to kill them ALL to prevent a relapse, but there are some exceptions

31
Q

true or false

it is always better to give a bactericidal antibiotic rather than bacteriostatic

A

FALSE - not always the case

there are many factors involved

32
Q

bactericidal antibiotics can further be divided based on ______

A

pharmacokinetics

can be concentration-dependent kill or time-dependent kill

33
Q

in general, bactericidal antibiotics that use TIME-DEPENDENT KILL mechanism are mostly…

A

involved with affecting the cell wall

34
Q

in general, bactericidal antibiotics that use concentration-dependent kill mechanism are mostly..

A

protein synthesis inhibitors/nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

35
Q

name 2 classes that are bacterical - concentration-dependent kill and include their MOA

A

aminoglycosides - protein synthesis inhibitors

quinolones - nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

36
Q

name 2 bactericidal antibiotic classes that use time-dependent kill mechanism

A

beta lactams and vancomycin

37
Q

bacteriostatic antibiotics tend to inhibit what bacterial mechanism

A

protein synthesis inhibitors mainly, and some nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

38
Q

what is a concern with bacteriostatic patients, mainly in immunocompromised patients or bacteria who cause certain deadly diseases

A

there is a potential for relapse - the effect may be reversible

39
Q

fully classify vancomycin

A

bactericidal, time dependent kill
cell. inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell walls

40
Q

macrolides

are they bacteriostatic or cidal?

A

bacteriostatic

41
Q

sulfonamides - bacteriostatic or cidal

A

alone - they are static

however, they are mainly used in combination with trimethoprim, and this combination is bactercidal

42
Q

aminoglycosides - fully classify

A

bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitor

an exception to the “bactericidal-cell wall” rule

43
Q

true or false

vancomycin works through concentration dependent kill

A

false - time dependent

44
Q

bacitracin is bacteriostatic or cidal

A

bactericidal

45
Q

cloramphenicol is bacteriostatic or cidal

A

static

46
Q

clindamycin is bacteriostatic or cidal

A

static

47
Q

the beta lactam antibiotics are bacteriostatic or cidal

A

cidal

48
Q

ethambutol is bacteriostatic or cidal

A

static

49
Q

aminoglycosides are bacteriostatic or cidal

A

cidal

50
Q

trimethoprim (on its own) is bacteriostatic or cidal

A

static

(in combo with sulfonamides = cidal)

51
Q

polymyxins - bacteriostatic or cidal

A

cidal

52
Q

rifampin - bacteriostatic or cidal

A

cidal

53
Q

tigecycline - bacteriostatic or cidal

A

static

54
Q

glycopeptide antibiotics - static or cidal

A

cidal

55
Q

quinolones - static or cidal

A

cidal

56
Q

macrolides - static or cidal

A

static

57
Q

daptomycin - static or cidal

A

cidal

58
Q

isoniazid - static or cidal

A

cidal

59
Q

metronidazole - static or cidal

A

cidal

60
Q

tetracyclines - static or cidal

A

static

61
Q

ketolides - static or cidal

A

cidal

62
Q

pyrazinamide - static or cidal

A

cidal

63
Q

nitrofurantoin - static or cidal

A

cidal

64
Q

oxazolidinones - static or cidal

A

static

65
Q

streptogramins - static or cidal

A

cidal

66
Q

in GENERAL, bacteriostatic agents are what biochemical class

A

protein synthesis inhibitors and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

67
Q

a lot of the bactericidal agents are involved in what MOA

A

inhibiting cell wall synthesis

68
Q
A

D&D Infectious Disease Midterm (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions