Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Endocrine > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

somatropin

A

hGH
most effective in first 2 yrs of life
continue Tx until growth stops
children AE: few, intracranial HTN, papilledema, visual changes, LEUKEMIA
adult AE: peripheral edema, carpal tunnel, arthralgia, myalgia
men: increased muscle and bone, decreased fat (athlete abuse: no evidence that it improves performance)
CI: 1-2 yrs following Tx of pediatric tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

somatomedin C

A

hIGF-1

mediator of GH effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mecasermin

A

complex of hIGF-1 and hIGFBP-3
longer T1/2
Tx: IGF-1 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pegvisomant

A

growth hormone receptor antagonist: decreases IGF-1
PEG: increase T1/2 by decreasing renal clearance
Tx: acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

octreotide

A

somatostatin analog
short T1/2: 3x daily injections
Tx: GH excess, insulinomas, glucagonomas
AE: GI
LAR: long-acting, slow release: injected every 4 weeks
inhibits: TSH, GH, insulin, glucagon release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lanreotide

A

somatostatin analog

Tx: GH excess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cabergoline

A

dopamine receptor agonist to decrease prolactin
higher affinity for D2; longer T1/2
Tx: hyperprolactinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bromocriptine

A

dopamine receptor agonist
not well tolerated
Tx: hyperprolactinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

protirelin

A

TRH
stimulates TSH release from thyroid
use: test thyroid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

thyrotropin alpha

A

TSH, hTRH

use: diagnostics for thyroglobulin levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

levothyroxine

A

L-T4

Tx: hypothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

liothyronine sodium

A

L-T3

Tx: hypothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

liotrix

A

mix of L-T4 and L-T3

Tx: hypothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

propylthiouracil (PTU)

A

antithyroid
1. inhibit iodine organification (peroxidase catalyzed rxns: iodination and coupling)
2. inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
shorter T1/2 than methimazole
AE: rare (agranulocytosis)
can use in pregnancy
Tx: hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

methimazole

A 
antithyroid
inhibit iodine organification (peroxidase catalyzed rxns: iodination and coupling)
more potent than PTU
CI: PREGNANCY (crosses placenta)
Tx: hyperthyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

carbimazole

A

antithyroid
inhibit iodine organification (peroxidase catalyzed rxns: iodination and coupling)
Tx: hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

iodine (potassium iodide, iodized salt)

A

large doses: blocks release of thyroid hormone
Tx: thyroid storm, pre-op treatment (reduce size, vascularity, fragility)
CI: prior to radioactive iodide Tx (dilutes)
long-term Tx fails; works best for pre-op or with other antithyroid drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

radioactive iodine (Na131I)

A

oral
concentrates in thyroid: B radiation destroys all or part of parenchymal cells in weeks but not other tissues
use: 35 yrs or older; NOT in women of child bearing age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

propranolol

A

B blocker
blocks T4 to T3 (potent effects on heart)
Tx: hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are T3 and T4 metabolized? Excretion?

A

liver
glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation
excretion: bile, subject to enterohepatic cycling: glucoronidases (from microorganisms) in lower intestine hydrolyze conjugates and release free hormone to be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors inhibit thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) production?

A
  1. somatostatin
  2. DA
  3. Rx glucocorticoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What factors stimulate thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) production?

A

catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What factors inhibit thyroid hormone release?

A

HIGH iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

immediate increases thyroid hormone secretion
later: effects iodide uptake, hormone synthesis, proteolysis
last: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid cells
TSH receptor: GPCR that stimulates AC
high TSH levels: TSH receptor: GPCR that stimulates PLC and therefore increase Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
iodinated contrast media
used for improved contrast in CT scans, cardiac cath, etc. | AE: hyperthyroidism (in euthyroid), thyroid storm (in hyperthyroid pts.)
26
animal insulin
bovine, porcine, ovine | only available by special permission from FDA
27
Can animal become diabetic without glucagon receptors?
no
28
insulin pump
``` into abdominal fat must use regular insulin Tx: T1DM meal bolus, continuous infusion, variable infusion rates still requires glucose monitoring useful in: children, infants ```
29
insulin powder
``` inhaled into lungs short acting CI: lung probs ONLY replaces mealtime injections easier to use but EXPENSIVE ```
30
glucagon
Tx: severe hypoglycemia
31
What drug is CI with sulfonylureas
NSAID | causes severe hypoglycemia
32
meglitinides
-GLINIDE increase insulin secretion (different receptor than sulfonylureas) short T1/2 (take before each meal) AE: WEIGHT GAIN, hypoglycemia
33
repaglinide
meglitinide
34
nateglinide
meglitinide
35
mitiglinide
meglitinide
36
diazoxide
anti-HTN antidiuretic inhibits insulin secretion (but NOT synthesis) insulin builds up in B cells Tx: hypoglycemia, insulinomas
37
SGLT2 inhibitors SE
hypotension, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, increased LDL | CI: renal disease, dialysis
38
teriparatie
hPTH short T1/2 Tx: hypoparathyroid low dose: cause bone formation: tx: osteoporosis
39
full length hPTH
parathyroid hormone
40
synthetic human calcitonin hCT
MOA: decrease ruffle border of osteoclast, direct renal effects does NOT inhibit PTH decrease syn./secretion of PTH (causes Ca excretion) decreased bone resorption shift to inactive Vit. D Tx: hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's, osteoporosis (injection/ nasal spray) SHORT TERM: Ab form
41
natural calcitonin from salmon
MOA: decrease ruffle border of osteoclast, direct renal effects does NOT inhibit PTH decrease syn./secretion of PTH (causes Ca excretion) decreased bone resorption shift to inactive Vit. D Tx: hypercalcemia, hyperthyroidism, Paget's, osteoporosis (injection/ nasal spray) SHORT TERM: Ab form
42
cholecalciferol
Vit. D3 | remains in lipid for months
43
ergosterol
Vit. D
44
ergocalciferol after irradiation
Vit. D2
45
25-OH cholecalciferol
Vit. D
46
calcipotriol
Vit. D | Tx: Psoriasis (topical, better than glucocorticoids)
47
dihydrotachysterol
reduced Vit. D2 not as active as calcitriol, more effective in high doses Tx: osteoporosis (injection, nasal spray)
48
22-oxacalcitriol
Vit. D | suppress PTH gene expression
49
calcitriol (vit. 1,25 dihydroxy-D3)
active form of Vit. D increase Ca and Pi uptake from GI syn. of calbindin, increase mRNA also at pharm dose: increase kidney reabsorption, increase bone resorption (paradoxical) give with Ca to reverse bone resorption Tx: rickets, osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism, prevent and tx osteoporosis
50
etidronate
first generation bisphosphonate oral: not effective against hypercalcemia, but 4-24 hr infusion can lower Ca for weeks Tx: Paget's
51
alendronate
second generation bisphosphonate | Tx: osteoporosis, Paget's
52
pamidronate
second generation bisphosphonate | oral: not effective against hypercalcemia, but 4-24 hr infusion can lower Ca for weeks
53
ibandronate
second generation bisphosphonate
54
risedronate
third generation bisphosphonate | Tx: Paget's
55
zoledronate
third generation bisphosphonate
56
fluoride
binds Ca dental caries prevention AE: mottled enamel, osteosclerosis potential agent for osteoporosis prevention
57
paricalcitol
Vit. D | reduce PTH secretion
58
tiludronate
3rd generation bisphosphonate
59
Ca supplements
take with Vit. D
60
hydrocortisone
glucocorticoid | short duration, less potent
61
cortisone acetate
glucocorticoid | short duration, less potent
62
prednisone
glucocorticoid potent weak mineralocorticoid
63
prednisolone
glucocorticoid potent weak mineralocorticoid
64
methylprednisolone
glucocorticoid | NO mineralocorticoid effect
65
dexamethasone
glucocorticoid long duration, potent NO mineralocorticoid effect inhibits pituitary ACTH NO direct effect on cortisol from adrenals use: test for cushings, acute Addison's crisis
66
betamethasone
glucocorticoid potent, long acting NO mineralocorticoid effect
67
cosyntropin
ACTH
68
mifepristone (RU-486)
glucocorticoid antagonist: binds GC receptor (functionally inactive GC-receptor complex) Tx: Cushing (high dose) in inoperable patients that have failed other therapies, progesterone antagonist (abortion pill)
69
fludrocortisone
mineralocorticoid: mimics aldosterone renal DCT: Na reabsorption, K excretion Tx: Addison's, adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenogenital syndrome AE: fluid imbalance, hypokalemia, edema, CHF, cardiomegaly, HTN, glucocorticoid effects with long term Tx
70
spironolactone
mineralocorticoid antagonist K sparing diuretic (block Na channels in collecting tubule), aldosterone receptor antagonists Tx: hyperaldosteronism AE: hyperkalemia (arrhythmias,), gynecomastia
71
eplerenone
mineralocorticoid antagonist K sparing diuretic (block Na channels in collecting tubule), aldosterone receptor antagonists Tx: hyperaldosteronism AE: hyperkalemia (arrhythmias,), gynecomastia LESS anti-androgen effect
72
Ca sensing receptor
GPCR: Gq and Gi allows both PTH and calcitonin secreting cells to respond to extracellular calcium expressed in: parafollicular cells, PTH (also: kidney, osteoblasts, hematopoietic cells, GI mucosa)
73
Vit. D
Tx: hypoparathyroid | give with/out Ca supplements
74
raloxifene
SERM estrogen effects without breast CA risk Tx: osteoporosis
75
denosumab
Ab to RANKL | Tx: osteoporosis
76
FGF23
inhibits production of 1,25-(OH2)D3: opposes PTH in kidney | produced by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
77
bisphosphonates
pyrophosphate analog inhibit bone resorption poorly absorbed: taken after OVERNIGHT FAST with full glass of WATER, NO FOOD 30 min (sit up, don't bend over to prevent esophagus irritation) Tx: Paget's, osteoporosis potency increases as generation increases: high potency given IV AE: OSTEONECROSIS of JAW (most common in 3rd generation, mainly in CA patients), strongest point of femur breaks ONLY take for 5 years
78
glucocorticoids
MOA: inhibit PLA2, inhibit production/release of cytokines, inhibit histamine release AE: osteoporosis, infection, myopathy, neuropsychiatric (HPA deficient), hirsutism, cataract, glaucoma, increase CV risk, weight gain, Cushing, insulin resistance (DIABETIC probs), thin fragile skin, impaired wound healing, HTN, edema gastric ulcer: if with NSAIDs men: hypogonadism women: stop ovulation, dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding children: decrease GH and IGF SUPPRESSION of endogenous ACTH/cortisol and TSH: up to 12 months to fully recover (doesn't happen with low doses or short term) TAPER down: prevent acute adrenal insufficiency
79
plicamycin
Tx: Paget's, hypercalcemia
80
estrogen therapy
can cause blood clots
81
how do you evaluate for HPA axis suppression due to glucocorticoids?
stop GC for 24 hours take morning cortisol less than 5 mug/dL (138nmol/L): impaired HPA 5-10 (138-275): ACTH stimulation test or empiric perioperative GC therapy greater than 10: HPA not impaired, continue on current glucocorticoid replacement dose on day of surgery greater than 18: adequate adrenal reserve, no need for GC coverage perioperatively

Endocrine (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions