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Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

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2
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of ACTH

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3
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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4
Q

SRIF

A

Somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Inhibits secretion of growth hormone, glucagon, TSH, insulin

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5
Q

PIF

A

Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions: Inhibits the secretion of prolactin

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6
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

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7
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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8
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
  2. Stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries
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9
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes
  2. Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
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10
Q

HGH

A

(Human) Growth hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

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11
Q

Prolactin

A

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

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12
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)

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13
Q

MSH

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates melanin synthesis

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14
Q

oxytocin

A

Gland of origin: Posterior pituitary

Synthesized by: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contraction

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15
Q

ADH

A

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Gland of origin: Posterior pituitary

Synthesized by: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

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16
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

Gland of origin: Thyroid

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates skeletal muscle growth
  2. Oxygen consumption: increase basal metabolic rate
  3. Heat production
  4. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization
  5. Perinatal maturation of the CNS
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17
Q

T4

A

L-thyroxine

Gland of origin: Thyroid

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates skeletal muscle growth
  2. Oxygen consumption: increase basal metabolic rate
  3. Heat production
  4. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization
  5. Perinatal maturation of the CNS
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18
Q

Calcitonin

A

Gland of origin: Thyroid

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Decrease serum Ca2+

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19
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

Gland of origin: Parathyroid

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Increases serum Ca2+

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20
Q

Cortisol

A

aka glucocorticoid

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  2. Inhibits inflammatory response
  3. Suppresses immune response
  4. Enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
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21
Q

Aldosterone

A

aka mineralocorticoid

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions: Increases renal Na+ reabsorpation, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion

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22
Q

DHEA

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  2. Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
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23
Q

Androstenedione

A

aka adrenal androgens

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  2. Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
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24
Q

Testosterone

A

Gland of origin: Testes

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  2. Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
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25
Q

Estradiol

A

Gland of origin: Ovaries/Corpus luteum

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion
  2. Maintains pregnancy
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26
Q

Progesterone

A

Gland of origin: Ovaries/Corpus luteum/Placenta

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle
  2. Maintains pregnancy
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27
Q

HCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Gland of origin: Placenta

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

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28
Q

HPL

A

Human placenta lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin

Gland of origin: Placenta

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy

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29
Q

Estriol

A

Gland of origin: Placenta

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion
  2. Maintains pregnancy
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30
Q

Insulin

A

Gland of origin: Pancreas (β cells)

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Decreases blood sugar

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31
Q

Glucagon

A

Gland of origin: Pancrease (α cells)

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Increases blood sugar

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32
Q

Renin

A

Gland of origin: Kidney

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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33
Q

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

Gland of origin: Kidney

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+
  2. Bone mineralization
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34
Q

NE/ Epi

A

Gland of origin: Adrenal medulla

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions: …..lots

35
Q

Hormones secreted by: Hypothalamus

A
  1. TRH
  2. CRH
  3. GnRH
  4. GHRH
  5. Somatostatin
  6. Dopamine
36
Q

Hormones released by: Anterior pituitary

A
  1. TSH
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. ACTH
  5. MSH
  6. Growth hormone
  7. Prolactin
37
Q

Hormones released by: Posterior pituitary

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. ADH

38
Q

Hormones released by: Thyroid

A
  1. T3/T4

2. Calcitonin

39
Q

Hormones released by: Parathyroid

40
Q

Hormones released by: Pancreas

A
  1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

41
Q

Hormones released by: Adrenal medulla

42
Q

Hormones released by: Kidney

A
  1. Renin
  2. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol)
  3. Erythropoietin
43
Q

Hormones released by: Adrenal cortex

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Adrenal androgens
44
Q

Hormones released by: Testes

A
  1. Testosterone

2. Inhibin

45
Q

Hormones released by: Ovaries

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Progesterone
  3. Inhibin
46
Q

Hormones released by: Corpus luteum

A
  1. Estradiol

2. Progesterone

47
Q

Hormones release by: Placenta

A
  1. HCG
  2. Estriol
  3. Progesterone
  4. HPL
48
Q

DIT

A

Diiodotyrosine

49
Q

DOC

A

11-deoxycorticosterone

50
Q

IGF

A

Insulin-like growth factor

51
Q

MIT

A

monoiodotyrosine

52
Q

POMC

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin

53
Q

PTU

A

Propylthiouracil

54
Q

TBG

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin

55
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

56
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

57
Q

Thymosin

A

Gland of origin: Thymus

58
Q

Naturetic Peptide

A

Gland of origin: Heart

59
Q

Hormones produced by GI tract

A
  1. gastrin
  2. secretin
  3. somatostatin
  4. CCK
  5. GIP
  6. VIP
    etc.
60
Q

leptin

A

Gland of origin: Adipose

61
Q

nerve cell response

A

quick and short

62
Q

endocrine cell response

A

slow and long

hormones released travel through bloodstream to target cell

63
Q

endocrine signaling

A

message transmission: circulating body fluids

local or general: general

depends on: receptors

64
Q

paracrine signaling

A

message transmission: diffusion into interstitial fluid

local or general: locally diffuse

depends on: receptors

65
Q

autocrine signaling

A

message transmission: diffusion in interstitial fluid

local or general: locally diffuse

depends on: receptors

66
Q

amine hormones: catecholamines

A

polar

synthesis/storage: made in advance; stored in vesicles

release: exocytosis

transport in blood: dissolved in plasma

half-life: short

receptor location: cell membrane (second messengers)

cellular response: modification of existing proteins

degradation: MAO, COMT
excretion: as metabolites
activation: no

67
Q

peptide/protein hormones

A

polar

synthesis/storage: made in advance; stored in vesicles

release: exocytosis

transport in blood: dissolved in plasma

half-life: short

receptor location: cell membrane (second messengers)

cellular response: modification of existing proteins

degradation: kidney, liver, target tissue
excretion: little
activation: no (except renin)

68
Q

steroid hormones

A

non-polar

synthesis/storage: synthesized when needed

release: simple diffusion

transport in blood: bound to carrier proteins

half-life: long

receptor location: cytoplasm, nucleus

cellular response: induction of new protein synthesis

degradation: liver
excretion: urine
activation: yes

69
Q

synaptic signaling

A

message transmission: across synaptic cleft

local or general: local

depends on: anatomic location and receptors

70
Q

neuro-endocrine signaling

A

message transmission: by circulating body fluids

local or general: general

depends on: receptors

71
Q

amine hormones: thyroid hormones

A

polar to non-polar

synthesis/storage: made in advance; precursor stored in vesicles

release: simple diffusion

transport in blood: bound to carrier proteins

half-life: long

receptor location: nucleus

cellular response: induction of new protein synthesis

degradation: liver
excretion: little
activated: yes

72
Q

List of steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol

  1. Androgens
  2. Estrogen
  3. Progesterone
  4. Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
  5. Glucocorticoids: cortisol
  6. Steroid-like: Vitamin D
73
Q

List of amine hormones

A

derived from amino acids

  1. Catecholamines: NE, E, DA, PIH
  2. Thyroid hormones: T3, T4
  3. Melatonin
74
Q

List of protein hormones

A

proteins, MW > 6000

  1. Ant. pituitary: GH, PRL, FSH, LH, TSH
  2. hCG, placental lactogen (hPL or hCS)
  3. Kidney: EPO, renin
  4. other: leptin, resistin, FGF23
75
Q

List of peptide hormones

A

peptides, MW less than 6000

  1. post. pituitary: ADH, OT
  2. ACTH, MSH
  3. insulin, glucagon
  4. calcitonin, PTH
  5. GI tract hormones
  6. hypothalamic hormones: CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin (not DA)
  7. other: ATII, relaxin, inhibin, ANP, thymosin
76
Q

direct hormone action

A

observe effects of hormone after body/tissue/cells are exposed to it
fast or slow

77
Q

indirect hormone action

A

effects not readily observed

  1. hormone may stimulate/inhibit another endocrine gland
  2. permissive actions (allow other hormones or changes in metabolites to be more effective)
78
Q

second messenger

A

amplify hormone signal after it binds its receptor

79
Q

circadian (diurnal) rhythm

A

one major secretory period per day

ex: ACTH and therefore cortisol

80
Q

ultradian rhythm

A

multiple secretory periods each day

ex: pulsatile secretion

81
Q

rhythms with longer time intervals

A

secretory period occurs less frequently than once a day

ex: progesterone, estrogen

82
Q

3 ways that blood levels of a hormone can be altered

A
  1. change in secretion rate
  2. change in amount bout to protein
  3. change in degradation rae
83
Q

positive feedback

A

endocrine system’s response to a stimulus reinforces that stimulus
ex: OT

84
Q

negative feedback

A

endocrine system’s response to a stimulus is to reduce that stimulus
ex: insulin and glucose, glucagon and glucose

Endocrine (7 decks)

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