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Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

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2
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of ACTH

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3
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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4
Q

SRIF

A

Somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Inhibits secretion of growth hormone, glucagon, TSH, insulin

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5
Q

PIF

A

Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions: Inhibits the secretion of prolactin

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6
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Gland of origin: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

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7
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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8
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
  2. Stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries
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9
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes
  2. Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
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10
Q

HGH

A

(Human) Growth hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

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11
Q

Prolactin

A

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

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12
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)

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13
Q

MSH

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Gland of origin: Anterior pituitary

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates melanin synthesis

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14
Q

oxytocin

A

Gland of origin: Posterior pituitary

Synthesized by: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contraction

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15
Q

ADH

A

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Gland of origin: Posterior pituitary

Synthesized by: Hypothalamus

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

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16
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

Gland of origin: Thyroid

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates skeletal muscle growth
  2. Oxygen consumption: increase basal metabolic rate
  3. Heat production
  4. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization
  5. Perinatal maturation of the CNS
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17
Q

T4

A

L-thyroxine

Gland of origin: Thyroid

Chemical classification: Amine

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates skeletal muscle growth
  2. Oxygen consumption: increase basal metabolic rate
  3. Heat production
  4. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization
  5. Perinatal maturation of the CNS
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18
Q

Calcitonin

A

Gland of origin: Thyroid

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Decrease serum Ca2+

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19
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

Gland of origin: Parathyroid

Chemical classification: Peptide

Major actions: Increases serum Ca2+

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20
Q

Cortisol

A

aka glucocorticoid

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  2. Inhibits inflammatory response
  3. Suppresses immune response
  4. Enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
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21
Q

Aldosterone

A

aka mineralocorticoid

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions: Increases renal Na+ reabsorpation, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion

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22
Q

DHEA

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  2. Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
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23
Q

Androstenedione

A

aka adrenal androgens

Gland of origin: Adrenal cortex

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  2. Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
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24
Q

Testosterone

A

Gland of origin: Testes

Chemical classification: Steroid

Major actions:

  1. Stimulates spermatogenesis
  2. Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
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25
Estradiol
Gland of origin: Ovaries/Corpus luteum Chemical classification: Steroid Major actions: 1. Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion 2. Maintains pregnancy
26
Progesterone
Gland of origin: Ovaries/Corpus luteum/Placenta Chemical classification: Steroid Major actions: 1. Stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle 2. Maintains pregnancy
27
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin Gland of origin: Placenta Chemical classification: Peptide Major actions: Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy
28
HPL
Human placenta lactogen or human chorionic somatomammotropin Gland of origin: Placenta Chemical classification: Peptide Major actions: Has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy
29
Estriol
Gland of origin: Placenta Chemical classification: Steroid Major actions: 1. Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion 2. Maintains pregnancy
30
Insulin
Gland of origin: Pancreas (β cells) Chemical classification: Peptide Major actions: Decreases blood sugar
31
Glucagon
Gland of origin: Pancrease (α cells) Chemical classification: Peptide Major actions: Increases blood sugar
32
Renin
Gland of origin: Kidney Chemical classification: Peptide Major actions: Catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
33
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
Gland of origin: Kidney Chemical classification: Steroid Major actions: 1. Increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+ 2. Bone mineralization
34
NE/ Epi
Gland of origin: Adrenal medulla Chemical classification: Amine Major actions: .....lots
35
Hormones secreted by: Hypothalamus
1. TRH 2. CRH 3. GnRH 4. GHRH 5. Somatostatin 6. Dopamine
36
Hormones released by: Anterior pituitary
1. TSH 2. FSH 3. LH 4. ACTH 5. MSH 6. Growth hormone 7. Prolactin
37
Hormones released by: Posterior pituitary
1. Oxytocin | 2. ADH
38
Hormones released by: Thyroid
1. T3/T4 | 2. Calcitonin
39
Hormones released by: Parathyroid
1. PTH
40
Hormones released by: Pancreas
1. Insulin | 2. Glucagon
41
Hormones released by: Adrenal medulla
1. NE | 2. Epi
42
Hormones released by: Kidney
1. Renin 2. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol) 3. Erythropoietin
43
Hormones released by: Adrenal cortex
1. Cortisol 2. Aldosterone 3. Adrenal androgens
44
Hormones released by: Testes
1. Testosterone | 2. Inhibin
45
Hormones released by: Ovaries
1. Estradiol 2. Progesterone 3. Inhibin
46
Hormones released by: Corpus luteum
1. Estradiol | 2. Progesterone
47
Hormones release by: Placenta
1. HCG 2. Estriol 3. Progesterone 4. HPL
48
DIT
Diiodotyrosine
49
DOC
11-deoxycorticosterone
50
IGF
Insulin-like growth factor
51
MIT
monoiodotyrosine
52
POMC
Pro-opiomelanocortin
53
PTU
Propylthiouracil
54
TBG
Thyroxine-binding globulin
55
neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary
56
adenohypophysis
anterior pituitary
57
Thymosin
Gland of origin: Thymus
58
Naturetic Peptide
Gland of origin: Heart
59
Hormones produced by GI tract
1. gastrin 2. secretin 3. somatostatin 4. CCK 5. GIP 6. VIP etc.
60
leptin
Gland of origin: Adipose
61
nerve cell response
quick and short
62
endocrine cell response
slow and long | hormones released travel through bloodstream to target cell
63
endocrine signaling
message transmission: circulating body fluids local or general: general depends on: receptors
64
paracrine signaling
message transmission: diffusion into interstitial fluid local or general: locally diffuse depends on: receptors
65
autocrine signaling
message transmission: diffusion in interstitial fluid local or general: locally diffuse depends on: receptors
66
amine hormones: catecholamines
polar synthesis/storage: made in advance; stored in vesicles release: exocytosis transport in blood: dissolved in plasma half-life: short receptor location: cell membrane (second messengers) cellular response: modification of existing proteins degradation: MAO, COMT excretion: as metabolites activation: no
67
peptide/protein hormones
polar synthesis/storage: made in advance; stored in vesicles release: exocytosis transport in blood: dissolved in plasma half-life: short receptor location: cell membrane (second messengers) cellular response: modification of existing proteins degradation: kidney, liver, target tissue excretion: little activation: no (except renin)
68
steroid hormones
non-polar synthesis/storage: synthesized when needed release: simple diffusion transport in blood: bound to carrier proteins half-life: long receptor location: cytoplasm, nucleus cellular response: induction of new protein synthesis degradation: liver excretion: urine activation: yes
69
synaptic signaling
message transmission: across synaptic cleft local or general: local depends on: anatomic location and receptors
70
neuro-endocrine signaling
message transmission: by circulating body fluids local or general: general depends on: receptors
71
amine hormones: thyroid hormones
polar to non-polar synthesis/storage: made in advance; precursor stored in vesicles release: simple diffusion transport in blood: bound to carrier proteins half-life: long receptor location: nucleus cellular response: induction of new protein synthesis degradation: liver excretion: little activated: yes
72
List of steroid hormones
derived from cholesterol 1. Androgens 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone 4. Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone 5. Glucocorticoids: cortisol 6. Steroid-like: Vitamin D
73
List of amine hormones
derived from amino acids 1. Catecholamines: NE, E, DA, PIH 2. Thyroid hormones: T3, T4 3. Melatonin
74
List of protein hormones
proteins, MW > 6000 1. Ant. pituitary: GH, PRL, FSH, LH, TSH 2. hCG, placental lactogen (hPL or hCS) 3. Kidney: EPO, renin 4. other: leptin, resistin, FGF23
75
List of peptide hormones
peptides, MW less than 6000 1. post. pituitary: ADH, OT 2. ACTH, MSH 3. insulin, glucagon 4. calcitonin, PTH 5. GI tract hormones 6. hypothalamic hormones: CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin (not DA) 7. other: ATII, relaxin, inhibin, ANP, thymosin
76
direct hormone action
observe effects of hormone after body/tissue/cells are exposed to it fast or slow
77
indirect hormone action
effects not readily observed 1. hormone may stimulate/inhibit another endocrine gland 2. permissive actions (allow other hormones or changes in metabolites to be more effective)
78
second messenger
amplify hormone signal after it binds its receptor
79
circadian (diurnal) rhythm
one major secretory period per day | ex: ACTH and therefore cortisol
80
ultradian rhythm
multiple secretory periods each day | ex: pulsatile secretion
81
rhythms with longer time intervals
secretory period occurs less frequently than once a day | ex: progesterone, estrogen
82
3 ways that blood levels of a hormone can be altered
1. change in secretion rate 2. change in amount bout to protein 3. change in degradation rae
83
positive feedback
endocrine system's response to a stimulus reinforces that stimulus ex: OT
84
negative feedback
endocrine system's response to a stimulus is to reduce that stimulus ex: insulin and glucose, glucagon and glucose

Endocrine (7 decks)

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